World History Final Semester 1 (copy)

polis

a city state

epic

a long poem

Acropolis

a fortified gathering place at the top of a hill in a city state

direct democracy

government in Greece in which adult male citizens were allowed to vote and share in the decision making process

Socratic Method

question and answer teaching format

Who was Aristotle?

Greek philosopher who taught that a citizen belonged to the state before looking at one’s self-first (believed that a strong sense of community was necessary for survival), believed in analyzing and classifying things based on observation and investigation

Who was Alexander the Great?

son of Phillip II who took control of Macedonia- became a world conqueror beginning with the invasion of Persia

Eratosthenes

astronomer- figured the earth was round and determined its circumference

Archimedes

scientist- developed concept of pi- geometry of spheres and cylinders

Herodotus

historian who wrote the first real history in Western civilization-History of the Persian Wars

Zeus

chief Greek god- father of the gods

Peloponessian League

alliance created by Sparta and its allies

Athens

one of the two most powerful Greek city-states, responsible for democracy, citizen decision making-very free and welcoming to new ideas and cultures

Mycenaeans

Indo-Europeans who settled in Greece and then established a monarchy

Illiad

poem by Homer that describes the hero Achilles and how his anger leads him to ruin

oligarchy

“the rule of the few”; a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control

oracle

sacred shrine where a god/goddess revealed the future through priest/priestess

Parthenon

most famous building on the Acropolis- dedicated to the goddess Athena

Who could vote in Ancient Greece?

adult males

Octavian

Caesar’s heir and grandnephew - would become known as the first emperor Rome - the revered one

Augustus

“the revered one”

Etruscans

Indo-European group who settled in central Italy - toga and short cloak, introduced organized army idea

Law of Nations

laws created to govern both Romans and non-Romans

patricians

wealthy landowners in the political structure of Rome

Scipio Africanus

Roman general who defeated Hannibal at Zama

paterfamilias

dominant males of a household

Latins

group of Indo-Europeans who settled east of Rome in central Italy - Latin, alphabet

1st Punic War

war fought between Rome and Carthage - Rome sent soldiers to Sicily - had been colonized by Carthage - Rome built a navy and defeated Carthage

2nd Punic War

Carthage invaded Rome from the north, won and controlled for a while before Rome rebuilt an army - war eventually went to Africa where the Carthaginians were defeated

3rd Punic War

war fought 50 years after the previous war in which Rome completely destroyed Carthage

legion

military unit of 5000 created by Augustus

Julius Caesar

member of The First Triumvirate - military leader in Gaul - became first dictator of Rome

Nero

relative to Augustus - became emperor after Claudius - selected because he was a relative to Augustus - killed his own mother - took more power away from Senate - Legions revolted against him and he committed suicide

Spartacus

an ancient Roman slave and gladiator who led a rebellion against the Roman Republic

Hannibal

greatest of the Carthaginian generals

Antony

Caesar’s ally and assistant - fought Octavian for total control - lost - partnered with Cleopatra VII

Crassus

member of The First Triumvirate - richest man in Rome - military leader - led in Syria

scriptorium

writing room where monks copied early written works including the Bible

laity

regular church members of Christianity

patriarch

Head of the Christian church - appointed by the Emperor

Constantinople

Rivaled in splendor similar to Rome - huge palace complex, hippodrome, churches, new roads, bridges, walls, public baths, law courts, schools, water reservoirs - center of trade and wealth from all parts of the world

Theodosius the Great

Roman leader who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

Gregory the Great

6th century pope who strengthened  the power of the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church - took control of the surrounding territories (papal states) thus gaining political power for the pope

Factors that led to the decline and fall of The Roman Empire

Christianity influence - focus not on military power,Non-Italians moved into the area of Rome and traditional values changed,Mental decline in the population due to lead poisoning, Plague, Slavery limited the advancement of technology, The political system of Rome never worked well.

Edict of Milan

ruling by Constantine and Licinius that made Christianity legal

procurator

official in charge of running a Roman province, (Pintius Pilate)

Constantine

first Christian emperor and co-author of the Edict of Milan

zealots

Jewish people who sought to overthrow Roman rule using violent tactics as necessary

Pontius Pilate

Roman procurator of the province of Judaea who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus

plague factors

abbess

the head of a convent

Franks

Germanic tribe who lasted longer than the others - established a vast kingdom from the Pyrenees through France into western Germany

Clovis

German who established the Franks as a kingdom, converted to Christianity and gained favor with the Roman Catholic Church

Magna Carta

(The Great Charter) - document of rights that King John

vassal

a man who served a lord in a military capacity (feudal)

guilds

craftspeople organized into these business associations and controlled the production of, price of, and numbers of people who could be in a certain craft

serf

peasants legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord’s control

chivalry

an idea of civilized behavior amongst nobility - knights were supposed to uphold a code of ethics

fief

land given to a vassal by a lord

feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe

Vikings

Germanic people from Scandinavia / same as Norsemen

bourgeoisie

what the artisans and merchants came to be known as

estate

orders of France

heresy

a crime against God and humanity

relics

bones or other objects connected with saints - considered to be worthy of worship by the faithful

Domesday Book

first census

Inquisition

Holy Office - court created by the Church to deal with heretics

Black Death

death of many people - most common cause - bubonic plague

infidels

a person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than one's own

Papal States

territories controlled by the popes

lay investiture

practice by secular leaders of giving nominees to a church position a symbol that represented their own offices.  (feudal practice)

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Queen of France, and later Queen of England, Eleanor of Aquitaine was of the richest and most powerful of medieval women

Thomas a’ Becket

also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London and later Thomas à Becket, served as Lord Chancellor from 1155 to 1162, and then notably as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his death in 1170

King Philip IV

-believes in taxing the clergy, sends for the Pope to try him in a court of law for illegal behavior.

-1285-1314

-expanded the bureaucracy - making the monarchy the strongest in all of Europe

-created the French parliament by meeting with members of the three estates

-known as fair

Battle of Hastings

William of Normandy (“the Conqueror”) defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings

Cyril & Methodius

Cyril created the Cyrillic alphabet in order to create a Christian Bible in the Slavic language

Hildegard of Bingen

in western Germany became abbess and contributed to music called Gregorian chant

Pope Urban II

saw the opportunity to rally support in Europe to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims (infidels in the eyes of the Christians)

Francis of Assisi

founded the religious order Franciscans

Joan of Arc

(peasant woman) whose faith inspired French armies to take Orleans

Saladin

Sultan of Egypt

King Richard I

Richard the Lionhearted- led third crusade but could not take back Jerusalem

Thomas Aquinas

known for his Summa Theologica which argued that reason

 and faith could exist together

parliament

legislative body composed of 2 knights from every county, two people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England

Hanseatic League

trade alliance of northern European cities

scholasticism

philosophical system that tried to link faith and reason - connect Christian teachings with Greek philosophers like Aristotle

vernacular

a language of everyday speech in a particular region

Great Schism

after Gregory XI’s death, cardinals in Rome elect a new pope from Italy - Pope Urban VI Later French cardinals elected a French pope who moved to Avignon

Wars of the Roses

civil conflicts of Noble factions led by Henry Tudor who tried to establish a new dynasty

nobility

kings, knights, lords, vassals, dukes, counts, barons, bishops all fell into this category(typically were landowners) - middle men between a king and the peasants

peasants

were free, but many became serfs

Carolingian Empire

divided into 3 parts - west Frankish lands were one part - made up most of present-day France

liberal studies

History, moral philosophy, rhetoric, grammar and logic, poetry, math, astronomy, and music

the purpose of liberal arts/renaissance education

creating a well-rounded citizen, not a scholar

ruler of a republic

NOT a monarch; could be a dictator, prime minister, president

Niccolo Machiavelli

Author of an influential treatise (writing) on political power

movable type

a printing pres of sorts, invented by Johannes Gutenburg

humanism

Intellectual movement based on the study of the classics (Greek and Roman writing), moving the focus to humans rather than religion, the belief that humans were strong

Leonardo Da Vinci

The model “Renaissance Man”, an artist, scientist, inventor, and visionary who mastered the art of realistic painting

Michelangelo

Painter, sculptor, and architect, focused on the ideal type of human being with perfect proportions- Sistine Chapel