G Our Natural World

GH - Natural Weather Hazard: Tropical Storm

Typhoon Haiyan, 3rd - 8th November 2013      4,4,4

Causes TACC

• West Pacific Ocean over 28C - Temp

• Low air pressure at 896mb caused mass evaporation - Air pressure

• Storm clouds developed - Clouds

• Moved West until becoming Category 5 on 7/11/13 - Category

Consequences WHKS

• Category 5 storm with 195mph winds - Winds

• Storm surge was 7m and Tacloban waves were 15m high - Heights

• More than 6,300 killed - Killed

• 600K displaced with 300K in shelters - Sheltered

Responses TSMF

• Airport and port damaged delayed responses by 3 days - Transport

• 1215 evacuation shelters set up - Setup

• UK sent £50 million in aid - Money

• Build Back Better scheme meant building in the future were more resilient to storms - Future

GH - Natural Weather Hazard: UK Heatwave

UK Heatwave, July 2018

Causes AHR

• Atmospheric blocking - Atmos

• High air pressure at 1016 mb - H

• Only 47mm of rain between 1st June and 16th July 2018 - R

Consequences DFDPC

• Reservoirs, rivers and lakes dried up - Dried

• Saddleworth moor had wildfires - Fires

• More than 800 deaths - Deaths

• NHS under extreme pressure - Pressure

• Mass crop failure - Crops

Responses HAS

• Government mandated hosepipe ban for 7 million - Hosepipe

• 100 soldiers helped fight fires on the moorland - Army

• NHS launched sun safety campaign - Safety

GH - Tectonic Event

Tohoku Japan, 11th March 2011

Causes PMES

• Destructive plate boundary (Pacific and Eurasian) - Plates

• Magnitude 9.0 earthquake - Magnitude

• Epicentre 43 miles east of Tohoku - Epicentre

• Shallow focus depth at 20 miles - Shallow

Consequences TWNCBM

• Tsunami caused by displaced seafloor - Tsunami

• Tsunami had 40m high waves and reached 10km inland - Waves

• Hit power plants and caused nuclear meltdown - Nuclear

• 15,891 killed and 6,149 injured - Casualties

• 300K building destroyed - Buildings

• Cost $220 billion in damages - Money

Responses WRWB

• Early warning system kicked in - Warning

• Japanese Special Rescue Team searched for survivors - Rescue

• 25-30m high new tsunami walls built - Walls

• Tsunami alert buoys installed - Buoys

CC - Global effects of climate change

Egypt and Maldives

Egypt LS

• 99% of people live on 5% of the land - Land

• Rising sea levels cause crops to fail and water to become salty - Salt

Maldives LFR

• Low lying islands in the Indian Ocean - Low

• Likely to flood in the next 30 years - Flood

• Would cause climate refugees - Refugees

CC - UK effects of climate change

Somerset floods, January and February 2014  RWHM

• Levels flooded due to excessive rain - Rain

• 350mm in first two weeks of January 14 and high tides - Water

• 290 homes flooded - Homes

• Cost $150 million - Money

DL - Coastal Landscapes

Isle of Purbeck, Dorset

Swanage Bay 9BPE

• Disconcordant coastline so rock types are at 90 degrees to the sea - 90

• Headland to the north = Ballard Point - B

• Peveril Point = Headland to the south - P

• Clay in between headlands has eroded quicker and created a bay - Erosion

Old Harry CCLASS

• Large crack opens up by Hydraulic action - Crack

• Crack grows into cave via Hydraulic action and abrasion - Cave

• Cave becomes larger - Larger

• Cave breaks through headland and forms arch - Arch

• Arch is eroded and collapses, leaving a tall rock called a stack - Stack

• Stack is eroded and forms a stump - Stump

Hurst Castle Spit LCW

• Longshore drift moves sediment to the East (side) - Longshore

• Deposits when coastline changes direction (up) - Continuation

• Continues the beachfront until a current washes the sediment back out to sea - Washes

DL - River Landscapes

River Tees

High Force waterfall and gorge WOPR

• Whinsill igneous rock on top of limestone - Whinsill

• Limestone erodes more quickly and forms an overhang - Overhang

• Front of waterfall falls 21m into plunge pool - Plunge

• Waterfall retreats upstream leaving a 700m long gorge - Retreat

Yarm MR

• Meander in the middle and lower course

• River moves quicker on outside of course

Human activity including management BZGR

• Tees Barrage prevents high tides moving upstream and flooding, costing £54 million

• Flood plain zoning is soft management designed to prevent flooding

• Yarm is built inside a meander and has flood gates (hard)

• Cow Green Reservoir controls the flow of water downstream and stores fresh water, opened in 1970, costs $2 million

SE - Sustainable management of a Tropical Rainforest

Samasati, Costa Rica SRVCWL

• Small scale ecotourist resort

• Built from wood from a local reforestation project and designed to blend in

• Designed to increase ventilation to remove need for air conditioning electricity

• Strict control on chemical use so soaps are provided and fertiliser is not used

• 50K litre rainwater tank reused in resort

• 90% of personnel are from Hone Creek, keeping money local and supporting local school, health clinic and tourist association

SE - SMALL-scale sustainable management in the Antarctic or Arctic

Clyde River Marine Sanctuary, Nunavut Canada LMBCTC

• 3360km² off the coast of northeast Canada - Location

• Set up by WWF with a $1 million investment for the protection of Bowhead Whales - Money

• Commercial fishing ban means population has increased to 2K - Bans

• Inuits are allowed to hunt one whale per year to sustain culture - Culture

• Tourism in the area has increased, bringing income for the locals - Tourism

• Community centre set up for running education programme and markets for locals - Centre

SE - Global sustainable management in the Antarctic or Arctic

Antarctic Treaty SDGPAPC

• Set up in 1959 with 12 countries, now risen to 58 countries - Signatures

• Governs all activities in Antarctica - Governs

• States the area should be a natural reserve devoted to peace and science - Devotion

• No territorial claims, mining, or radioactive waste disposal is allowed - Gain

• Environment must be preserved and scientific cooperation is encouraged - Preservation

• Made up of 16 articles - Articles

• Protects the Southern Ocean, which is the home of most animals in the area - Protection

• Does not combat climate change - Change

PF - Hypothesis

"Groynes effectively manage longshore drift at Lee-on-Solent"

PF - Presentation types

Located bar charts CP

• Could identify and compare the groyne drops on the east and west sides easily - Compare

• Patterns could be noted on the map - Patterns

Proportional arrow PPE

• Arrow was proportional to how quick the longshore drift was - Proportion

• Points in the direction longshore drift travelled - Points

• Quick and easy way to interpret data - Easy

PF - Findings

GDTO

• Average gap between groyne and sediment top was 24cmE and 61cmW - Gap

• This shows that Longshore drift moves West to East - Direction

• Sediment (orange) took 366s to travel 10m - Time

• This was opposite to the groyne survey results, due to a secondary wind blowing from the southeast - Opposite

PF - Conclusion

CE

• Groynes are collecting sediment on the West side, preventing some material being moved by longshore drift - Collecting

• Therefore they are an effective form of management at Lee-on-Solent - Effective

PF - Evaluation

ER

• Primary data collection should have been conducted by one person in each role to reduce variation in error - Error

• Repeated visits would have given more reliable data and shown seasonal change - Repeat

Human activity including management

(Swanage bay) SHH

• Soft: Beach replenishment of 90,000m³ from Poole Harbour in 2006 costing £2.2 million

• Hard: 1.8 km sea wall costing £4 million

• Hard: 20 wooden groynes at the cost of £3 million