Regents - Biology

What is a solute?

The material that is dissolved in something.

What is a solvent?

The liquid that dissolves the solute.

What is an example of a solvent?

Water.

What is an example of a solute in water?

Sugar or salt.

What is diffusion?

The movement of particles throughout an area.

What kind of process is diffusion?

Passive process.

What does a passive process mean?

No energy is required by the cell.

In diffusion, what is the concentration levels before and after?

High to low concentration.

What does diffusion do to the concentration gradient?

It balances the concentration gradient.

What is osmosis?

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

In osmosis, what is the solute concentration before and after?

Low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

In osmosis, what is the water concentration before and after?

High water concentration to low water concentration.

True/False: water concentration is relative to solute concentration in osmosis

True.

What kind of process is osmosis?

Passive process.

Where does water go in a hypertonic cell/hypotonic solution?

Into the cell.

Where does water go in a hypotonic cell/hypertonic solution?

Out of the cell.

Where does water go in an isotonic cell?

In and out of the cell.

What solution contains a lot of solute outside of the cell?

Hypertonic solution.

What solution contains a lot of solute inside of the cell?

Hypotonic solution.

What is facilitated diffusion?

Diffusion with a guide.

In facilitated diffusion, what is the concentration before and after?

High to low concentration.

What is required in facilitated diffusion?

Protein.

What kind of process is facilitated diffusion?

Passive process.

What does facilitated diffusion do to the concentration gradient?

It balances out the concentration gradient.

What does an active process mean?

Energy is required by the cell.

In active transport, what is the concentration before and after?

Low to high concentration.

What does active transport do to the concentration gradient?

It goes against the concentration gradient.

What does active transport require?

Energy and ATP.

What cells contain a nucleus?

Eukaryotic cells.

What cells don't contain a nucleus?

Prokaryotic cells.

What cells have double membrane organelles?

Eukaryotic cells.

What cells don't have double membrane organelles?

Prokaryotic cells.

What kind of cell is not a eukaryotic cell?

Bacteria cell.

What do all kinds of cells do?

Gather energy, require nutrients, and create waste products.

What are unicellular organisms?

Organisms made up of one cell.

What are colonial organisms?

Clusters of cells that work as one organism.

What are multicellular organisms?

Organisms that are made up of many cells.

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A phospholipid bilayer membrane surrounding DNA and proteins.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Stores genetic information.

Where is the nucleus located?

Around the center of the cell.

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

Double membrane organelle with a folded inner membrane (cristae).

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Converts sugar into ATP.

What is a cell's energy called?

ATP.

What organelle is the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria.

Where is the mitochondria located?

In the cytoplasm.

What are the two parts of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough and smooth ER.

What is the structure of the rough ER?

Folded membrane with ribosomes.

What is the function of the rough ER?

Location for protein synthesis.

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Makes lipids and oils.

Where is the ER located?

Surrounding the nucleus.

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

Flattened layers of membrane.

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Packages and changes proteins to be exported.

Where is the Golgi apparatus located?

In the cytoplasm near the ER.

What is known as the cell's protein factory?

Ribosomes.

What is the structure of ribosomes?

Little, made of proteins and RNA.

Where can ribosomes be located?

On the cytoplasm or ER.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Site of protein synthesis.

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

Double membrane organelle with light capturing proteins.

Where are chloroplasts located?

In the cytoplasm.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Combines carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make glucose.

What is the structure of membranes?

Phospholipid bilayer and proteins.

What is selective permeability in cell membranes?

Regulates the passage of substances like water.

Where is the cell membrane located?

Outside the cell, next to the cell wall in plant cells.

What does biology mean?

The study of life.

What are the two most important characteristics of life?

Made of cells, and contains genetic information (DNA).

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

What do most organisms with life end with?

Death.

What organism has been argued about if they die?

Jellyfish.

What are the two types of reproduction with organisms?

Sexual and asexual reproduction.

What kind of reproduction requires two parents?

Sexual reproduction.

What kind of reproduction requires one parent?

Asexual reproduction.

What is the sequence of biological organization levels?

Biosphere down to tissue, cell, organelle, and atoms.

What two organelles are made of DNA?

Chromatin and chromosome.

Which organelle is made of tightly packed DNA?

Chromosome.

Which organelle is made of stringy DNA (attached to proteins)?

Chromatin.

What is the skull?

Makes up the head, and protects the brain.

What are the vertebrae?

Bones that make up the spine.

What is the humerus?

Long bone of the upper arm.

What is the ulna?

Medial bone of the forearm (pinky side).

What is the radius?

Medial bone of the forearm (thumb side).

What are carpals?

Bones of the wrist.

What are the metacarpals?

The five bones that make up the palms.

What are the phalanges?

Bones of the fingers and toes.

What is the scapula?

Shoulder blade.

What is the pelvis?

Bony structure connecting the spine to the upper thighs.

What is the femur?

The largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body.

What is the patella?

Kneecap.

What is the fibula?

The outer bone between the knee and ankle.

What is the tibia?

The inner and larger bone between the knee and ankle.

What is the calcaneus?

The large bone forming the heel.

What are the tarsals?

A group of seven bones that form the ankle.

What are the metatarsals?

Bones of the foot connecting ankles to toes.

What are the biceps?

The muscles of the upper arm that flex the forearm.

What are the triceps?

The muscle group along the back of the upper arm.

What is the trapezius?

Paired muscles on the posterior neck and upper trunk.

What is the latissimus dorsi?

Large, roughly triangular muscles covering the lower back.

What is the pectoralis?

Muscles of the chest assisting in arm movement.

What is the gluteus maximus?

Butt muscle.

What are the hamstrings?

Group of muscles that cause flexion at the knee.

What are the quadriceps?

Group of muscles that cause extension at the knee.