POH Final Study Guide

Subjective observations

interpretations based on personal feelings, opinions, or assumptions

Objective Observations

actual, measurable, and unbiased descriptions based on the five senses

Rene Laennec

invented the stethoscope, he revolutionized medicine, enabling non-invasive diagnosis of heart and lung conditions

Joseph Lister

revolutionized surgery by inventing the antiseptic system, sterilize surgical instruments, clean wounds, and sanitize operating rooms.

Edward Jenner

the smallpox vaccine, documented how to treat patients and established the practice of preventive immunization.

Florence Nightingale

Created world's first secular nursing school, polar area diagram a form of circular histogram used to visualize mortality data.

Erik Erikson

the theory of psychosocial development, which outlines eight distinct stages of human development across the lifespan.

Ancient Egyptians

365-day calendar, papyrus paper, and hieroglyphic writing

Ancient Greeks

Antikythera mechanism (analog computer), odometer, crane, water mill, and Archimedes screw

CDC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

What illnesses is the CDC concerned with preventing?

infectious diseases, chronic conditions, environmental health hazards, and injuries.

R in RACE

Rescue

A in RACE

activate alarm

C in RACE

Contain

E in RACE

Extinguish

P in PASS

pull pin

A in PASS

aim

First S in PASS

squeeze handle

Second S in PASS

sweep side to side

Class A Extinguisher

Used on combustibles such as paper, cloth, and wood

Class B Extinguisher

Used on gasoline, oil, paints, burning liquids, and cooking fats

Class C Extinguisher

Contains a dry chemical

Used on electrical fires

Can also be used on burning liquids for smothering action

Class D Extinguisher

Combination Extinguisher

used for all types of fires

List 5 ways to maintain good body mechanics

prioritize using your legs for lifting, keeping a neutral spine, and engaging your core muscles. Avoid twisting your spine; instead, move your feet to turn, and keep heavy objects close to your body.

Malpractice

Failure of a professional to: Give care commonly expected in a particular profession OR giving care for which you have not been trained. Results in injury, loss, or damage to the patient

False Imprisonment

Restraining a patient or restricting their freedom

Ex: side rails without a doctor’s order and a patient’s permission

Negligence

Failure to provide care that is normally expected of a person equally trained in that particular situation, resulting in injury to the patient

EX: leaving ordered side rails down

Assault

can include a threat or attempt to injury

Battery

unlawful touch of another without their consent

Slander

information is spoken

Ex: stating a person has a drug problem when another medical problem exists

Libel

information is written

Ex: sending inaccurate lab results to a government agency

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Types of PPE

Gown, mask, gloves, googles, face shields

Pathogen

cause infection and disease

Toxin

waste products from pathogens

Fungi

Plant-like organisms that live on other dead plants or animals

Virus

Smallest type of microorganism.

invade the cells of a living organism where they reproduce more viruses

Protozoa

One-celled animal-like organisms.

Contamination

is the process of becoming unclean.

Sterilization

absence of ALL microorganisms.

Asepsis

being free of disease-producing microbes.

Chain of Infection

Susceptible Host

final link in the chain of infection, referring to an organism at risk of contracting a disease due to weak immune system.

EX: old people with covid

Projection

defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or traits onto another person

Rationalization

individuals construct logical, plausible reasons to justify irrational, uncomfortable, or unacceptable thoughts, behaviors, and feelings.

Compensation

a person consciously or unconsciously covers up a real or imagined weakness, flaw, or inadequacy in one area of life by overachieving or focusing heavily on strengths in a different area

Withdrawal

refers to the physical and mental symptoms a person experiences when they suddenly stop or cut back on using an addictive substance or stop a compulsive behavior

Infancy

Birth - 1 year

teeth growing, reflexes, small words

Early Childhood

1 - 6 years old

able to speak more words and sentances, self aware, began hanging out with same gender

Late Childhood

6 - 12 years old

much more physically coordinated, began hanging out with peers of both genders, adult teeth coming in

Adolescence

12 - 18 years old

go through puberty, worry abt confidence stuff, prone to disorders.

Early Adulthood

19 - 40 years old

Began starting new life goals, physical development complete, friends from all age groups.

Middle Adulthood

40 - 65 years old

May go through mid life crisis, hairy graying, physical abilities declining

Late Adulthood

65+ years old

Retiring, having memory loss, physically incappable

Associates Degree

2 years

Bachelors Degree

4 years

Masters degree

2 years on top of Bachelors (6yrs total)

Doctorate degree

8 - 12 years

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

5 stages of dying

Denial: cannot accept the reality of death. Some seek second medical opinions. Others can refuse to acknowledge or discuss illnesses.

Anger: death is accepted, but the individual is angry. “Why me?” Place blame on those around them or on medical staff.

Bargaining: accepts death, but wants more time to live. Patients will frequently turn to religion or spiritual beliefs. They want to achieve goals, such as see grandchildren married, and will make promises to God to obtain more time.

Depression: realize that death will occur soon. May express regrets, may withdraw and become quiet. Sadness and despair. Allowing these emotions to come out is critical

Acceptance: accept death. They comfort loved ones about their upcoming death. They become at peace.

Hospice

Care for people with 6 months or less to live

Washing Hands steps

wetting hands, applying soap, scrubbing all surfaces—including backs of hands, between fingers, and thumbs—for at least 15-20 seconds, rinsing, and drying with a single-use towel.

Autoclave

A machine that sterilizes by pressurized steam

**even kills spores

When are standard precautions used?

Are used when giving care for all residents: TREAT ALL PATIENTS AS IF THEY HAVE AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Premium

A set amount that the individual pays for insurance coverage. This is paid directly to the insurance company. When the individual has a healthcare expense that is covered by the plan, the insurance company pays for the service.

Co-Payment

A specific amount of money a patient pays for a particular service (office visit, prescription)

Deductible

Amount that must be paid by the patient (insured individual) before the insurance company begins to pay. This varies with each type of plan.

Insurance

Insurance is a contractual risk-management arrangement where an individual or entity pays a fee (premium) to a company in exchange for financial protection against specified potential losses, damages, or liabilities.

Local Infection

infection in specific body part

Systemic infections

involves the whole body

How are patients left in the room to ensure their safety?

Bed rails up, wheels locked, items in reach, bed on lowest setting, remove anything out of walkway.

Justice

doing the right thing

ex: Patients are treated equally regardless of personal connections or considerations

Autonomy

allowing patients to make informed decisions

ex: giving ALL treatment options with side effects so that a patient can CHOOSE what they want done

Veracity

telling the truth

ex: telling a patient a sad or hard diagnosis (terminal cancer), even if you know it will upset them.

Non maleficence

Doctors should not do harm

ex: MD’s cannot prescribe a sedative for an Alzheimer patient just because they don’t feel like dealing with their confusion

Empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of another person by viewing the world from their perspective

Medicare

federal program primarily for people 65+ or with disabilities, funded by taxes and featuring premiums.

Medicaid

joint federal-state program for individuals with limited income and assets, usually requiring no premiums

Input

Anything that enters a system, including money, resources, materials, or effort.

Output

The final product of service that is provided by a system.

throughput

A process that converts the input into a final product or service.

feedback loop

A process of monitoring outputs to determine whether or not the system is working.

what do healthcare proffesionals in the diagnostic clusters do? Name some example of those careers.

create a "snapshot" of a patient’s health at a specific moment in time. They use tests, imaging, and evaluations to detect, diagnose, and monitor diseases, injuries, or other physical conditions.

Techs, Sonographers

HIPPA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

protect sensitive patient health information from disclosure without consent.

Discretion

he power or freedom to make your own decisions based on judgement and conscience