sociology part 1

what is sociology

the scientific study of human society and social interactions

what is the ultimate goal of sociology

understand deeply buried structures in place by society

who is the sociological imagination written by

C. Wright mills

explain the Sociological imagination

A concept introduced by C. Wright Mills that describes the ability to see the interplay between individual experiences and larger social forces. It encourages understanding how personal issues are influenced by societal contexts. (patterns in human behaviors)

what does the sociological imagination focus on

all aspects of society and relationships and what makes them keep working

sociology versus common sense application

sociology uses a scientific approach to verify claims

Place, language, culture

next topic covered

What is studied in sociology

inequality can be studied, why is it important to understand origin of inequality?,

spent looking for change

what are the reasons for financial strain and how individuals respond? because of limited economy and cash and also sickness, employment, and other factors

The sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals——who said this

C. Wright Mills—the sociological imagination

sociology versus anthropology

anthropology has much different research methods than sociology

sociology versus psychology

psych focuses on the indiviuals behavior and mental processes

what is economics

study of creation, distribution of goods: supply and demand

what is political science versus sociology?

sociology focuses on how the political systems influence society: poli sci emphasizes what affects the political systems

what is social work

social work focuses on helping people solve problems. Sociologists focuses on understanding why certain problems exist.

explain Miligram’s obedience study

an external researcher telling the person to electrocute for the right or wrong answer

sociology theory

Theory: interrelated logically organized statements that explain a phenomenon

auguste comte

the science of man, and emphasized empiricism or using the scientific method

Harriet Martineau

wrote theory and practice in america ; advocated for objectivity in society

classical sociological theory involved marx

yes

what were Karl Marx’s ideas

proletariat, working class: bourgeoisie upper class that rules

how do the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat

by politital, religious, and educational systems

how does marx suggest bringing change

violence in order to have the proletariat be in control

what was marx’s prediction?

socialism was inevitable, but he was wrong

emile durkheim

social facts or patterns of behavior are important. we are all product of our environment

what is emile durkheim most known for

studying anomie, or the despair because of your society and the instability of life

anomie

a sense of disconnect from society and despair when social life is unpredictable

what did max weber study

sociology as the study of social action: focuses on meanings of how individuals are attached to their social world

what did weber write

the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism; protestant ethic led to a capitalist society

american sociology

have you ever felt excluded of what you can control??

W. E. B DuBois

double consiousness and what happens to African americans (read that); stigma about what is being done

The chicago school significance of sociology

chicago school: social environments shape human behavior

three main figures of Chicago school of sociology

Robert park, ernest burgess, jane addamsTa

talcott parsons

structural functionalism

what is structural functionalism

society is composed ordered interrelated parts

herbert spencer

social darwinism: applied the theory of survival of the fittest

Robert merton what functions did he identify

manifest and latent functions

manifest functions

intended and recognized consequences

latent functions

unintended consequences of social processes

what was unique about persons and merton

only described problems but did not solve them. as a result it was value free

conflict theory

Each individual or group struggles to attain the maximum benefit. This results in constant societal change

what is symbolic interaction

focuses on how individuals perceive their social world

garfinkel

breaching experiments

goffman

stigma and presentation of self

patricia hill collins

features of feminist thought; intersecting oppressions

social research methods

yeah

how does research contribute to sociology

promotes understanding, and information for better policy

empirical questions

questions that can be answered by observing the world

what is the overall research process

ideas, hypothesis, method, observations, data analysis, application

what is mixed methods research

quantitative (numbers) and qualitative (descriptions)

what is observational research (a type of sociological research)

watching, listening, and recording events

what is biological

basic differences between men and women

gender

cultural norms; social and cultural attributes of gender

how is gender socially constructed

the learning of gender roles through socialization

sexism

the belief that one group of gender is better than the other

theories of gender: patriarchal ideology

men are superior to women and should run society

functionalist perspectives: se.x role theory

men and women differing social tasks contributes to society

what is a criticism of se.x role theory

brainstorm

feminist theory

centrality of gender in understanding the social world; especially women’s experiences

what did Kimberle crenshaw talk about

intersectionality of race gender and class on lived experiences

black feminist theory

intersection of gender race and class relating to black women

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symbolic interactionist perspective

gender roles are learned from socialization practice

what is the traditional expressive role

behaviors that focus on feelings and relationships

what is the traditional instrumental role

behaviors that focus on accomplishment of tasks rather than feelings

what is gender role socialization

lifelong process of learning se.x specific behaviors and norms

what is pink collar job

jobs held by women

Gender gap hypotheses:

comparable worth, human capital hypotheses, glass ceiling, devaluation hypothesis

what is the devaluation hypothesis

women paid less because their work is considered less valuable

what is glass ceiling within an organization

barrier for upward mobility in a company for women

human capital hypothesis

differences in education and skills between men and women

belief of comparable worth

individuals should be paid equally

whos more likely to be more literate worldwide

men

example of structural sexism

women are socialized to choose motherhood and marriage

explanations for a traditional division of labor

time availability, relative resources, gender role ideology

time availability approach to roles

who has the most time to accomplish various tasks

relative resources approach

the spouse with the least power is relegated to the most unrewarding tasks

crime deviance and social control (*)

next section

three levels of social control

self control (we control ourselves), informal controls(friends want us to fit in), formal controls(police)

deviance versus crime

the context is important for deviance; crime is fixed

deviance

the same act may be inappropriate in one environment or expected in the other

three kinds of rewards socially

economic, family ties, self esteem

conflict theory and crime

class interests choose who is deviant and what punishments there are; economic conditions of lower class lead to crime

what is strain according to robert merton

how people respond to a goal they cannot achieve

conformists

most people avoid crime and deviant acts

different responses to strain

conformists(keep conforming), innovation(achieves goal by illegitimate menas like plagiarism), rebellion(make alternative goals), retreatist(escape society by drugs or vagrancy), ritualist(lowers aspirations)

list major index crimes

• Murder and manslaughter • Sexual Assault • Robbery • Assault • Burglary • Larceny-theft • Auto theft.

victimless crimes definition

no clear victim, illegal supply and demand, like illegal drinking and drugs

three correlates of crime

age(up to mid 30s), se.x(male), social class(pporer)

white collar crimes

difficult to detect; crimes committed by respectable people of high status

merton’s deviance typology

1. Conformists (who accept goals and means), 2. Innovators (who accept goals but reject means), 3. Ritualists (who reject goals but accept means), 4. Retreatists (who reject both goals and means), and 5. Rebels (who reject current goals and replace means).

fact about white collar crimes

economic social costs are greater than common street crime

what is the crime control model of reducing crime

incapacitate offenders, protect public

what is the due process model of justice

individualized justice; the rights of the accused should be protected

equal justice model for justice

fairness; aims to reduce sentencing disparity across groups

rehabilitation model

counseling; focuses on treatment of those in prison

non intervention model

calls to limit government intrusion in lives; Promotes mediation, diversion, and community based corrections to avoid stigma of formal labels

restorative justice model

promote peace; punitive or humanitarian action is not effective

recidivism

many incarcerated people will go back within three years,,,,,after age 30, incarceration rates drop except for Doris Payne who was older

religion in society

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