ANS 4290 Exam 2 - Health, Nutrition, Grazing, Neonate Care

3 wks

minimum amount of time required to quarantine new animals before introducing them to the herd

prescription

As of 2023, all OTC antibiotics are _______ only

Stillborns

cause: bacterial, environmental, parasitic
can be zoonotic

Deformities

viral pathogens contracted during pregnancy; blue tongue, cache valley

toxin exposure from plants, use of white dewormers

ketosis

most common in late gestation; rapid mobilization of body fat; high-grain diets cause excess energy and a buildup of ketones
provide high-quality feed

scours

causes dehydration, liquid feces, blood, and sudden death from dehydration
caused by E. coli, Clostridium type C, coccidiosis

most common in newborns

starvation

inadequate colostrum intake, poor udder quality
causes hunching over, empty abdomen, death

hypothermia

body temp below 102; place lamb in hot box

can be caused by inadequate colostrum intake or weather conditions

clostridium type C

results in sudden death (within 2-10 hrs), diarrhea

clostridium Tetani

causes tetanus, lockjaw, sudden death, muscle rigidity
no successful treatment
prevention: colostrum intake from vaccinated ewes

coccidiosis

causes scours, decreased feed efficiency

soremouth

“orf”; highly contagious
prevention: good sanitation

enterotoxemia

caused by type D perfringens, overeating
causes sudden death, convulsions
no successful treatment
prevention: vaccinate

white muscle disease

wasting of skeletal/cardiac muscle
caused by deficiency of selenium/Vitamin E
supplement selenium/Vit E in salt

acidosis

acute: pH = 5; subacute: pH <5
caused by grain overload, lactic acid production
causes depression, decreased feed intake
tx: decreased acid in rumen, drench with bicarbonate soda
prevention: slowly adjust feed rations

urinary calculi

water belly; straining urine, edema of lower abdomen
snip urethral process with high dose of ammonium chloride

prevention: adequate water, maintain 2:1 Ca:P

Polio

paddling, star-gazing

caused by thiamine binding enzyme causing reduction in thiamine production by microbes or amprolium
treatment: thiamine injection, HCl, vitamin B

copper toxicity

excess copper, any supplementation can be deadly
mild stress can cause sudden death
membranes turn yellow, dark urine
prevention: maintain molybdate at 1 ppm

rectal prolapse

caused by hard/excessive coughing, straining, tail length, heredity
recommend docking at distal end of caudal fold

internal parasites

caused by ingestion during grazing or infested feeds
causes decreased feed efficiency and gain, lack of appetite
treatment: DW at weaning, repeat in summer
tapeworms - most destructive in the summer

contagious foot rot

fusobac necro is most damaging
causes lameness, foul odor
treatment: vaccinate, hoof trimming, footbath

Scrapie

similar to BSE, test for codon 171

Ovine progressive pneumonia

OPP; retrovirus
symptoms: poor BCS from respiratory distress
treatment: cull affected animals
eradication is possible with acute culling

caseous lymphadenitis

CL; #1 cause of condemnation of older carcasses
spread by shearing wounds, skin punctures, contaminated feed
treatment: clean abscesses with iodine
symptoms: cheesy abscesses behind jaw and front of shoulder
prevention: cull carrier animals

largest expense of sheep production

feed (50-70% total cost)

peak milk production

30 days

6

increase in crude protein last ______ weeks of gestation and into lactation

feed waste; ketosis, dystocia

overfeeding causes _______ and _________

28

ewes only need maintenance diet for ____ weeks

decreased rumen capacity, increases chances of ketosis and rumen acidosis

why can a ewe not be fed a hay-only diet?

daily intake increases 15-25%; wind velocities >25 mph reduces insulative value of fleece

what effect does shearing have on pregnant ewes?

methods of reducing hay waste

feed off-ground, bale feeder, only feed what they’ll consumer, timed feeding, proper storage

feeds low in calcium

corn, DDGS, corn stalks, corn silage

feeds high in calcium

alfalfa

flushing

increased plane of nutrition before buck turnout; boost ovulation, conception, EI rates; 200% of maintenance (2# of grain)

$0.12

pastures decrease feed costs by _____ per day

20%

amount of weight loss expected in rams during breeding

11%

BCS is what percent of body weight?

feeding ram lambs

can be fed with ewe lambs up to 3 mos of age; if used for breeding, feed accordingly

yearlings

fed as growers until 8-9 mos of age; feed medium quality legume hay ad lib

mature rams

manage as ewes in maintenance; BCS = 2.5-3

pizzle rot

high levels of alfalfa result in what?

decreased fiber digestion, risk of acidosis, decreased rumen function, increased risk for water belly

what happens when rams are fed more than 25% corn for extended periods?

non-functional

rumen and reticulum are __________ in lambs

passes through esophageal groove to abomasum

how does milk reach abomasum in lambs?

methods of developing rumen

dry feedstuffs, micro-organisms, VFA’s

creep feed

high concentrates, 90% corn, 14-18% as fed protein, low fiber

advantages of creep feed

greater feed efficiency, higher ADG, move directly to high concentrated grower diet

early wean

60 days or less; 75% of milk is produced in first 8 weeks; feed to lamb conversion is 3x higher

3 weaning systems

directly off ewe; weaned @ 120 days and finished later; weaned @ 120 days and finished on dry-lot

target finish for market lambs

0.2”

pasture finished lambs

leaner, lower grain supplements

drylot lambs

rapid turnaround, efficient use of facilities, feedstuffs

Bovatec supplement

rumen ionophore, increases feed efficiency; prevents coccidiosis

bunk space per lamb

12”

step up diet

30% grain, 70% roughage; 10 % point increments every 3 days

Targets for market ready lambs

0.15-0.25”; YG 2; 100-145#

soybean meal

lambs prefer _______ ______ for first few weeks due to palatability

117%; 25-30%

from early gestation to late gestation, there is a _______ increase in Ca requirements and ________ change during lactation

Listeria

consumption of silage; caused by bacteria in soil or spoiled silage

cool season grasses

ryegrass, fescue, timothy, orchardgrass, bromegrass, KY bluegrass

warm season grasses

bermuda, johnson, sorghum

browse

twigs, stem tips, leaves; cedar, elm, oak

legumes

fix nitrogen into soil; alfalfa, clovers, trefoil, kudzu

forbs

weeds, broadleaf, burdock, goldenrod, pigweed, kale, turnips

decreases

as plants mature, growth rate ________

lower

the more mature a plant is, the _______ the nutritive value

cultural weed management

planting

mechanical weed management

harvesting

chemical weed management

spraying

biological weed management

consumption or destruction by pests and infectious diseases

most efficient forage height

2-6”

advantages of continuous grazing

one pasture system, unrestricted access, easy to manage

disadvantages of continuous grazing

poor forage quality, uneven or overgrazing, lower stocking rates

advantages of simple rotational grazing

more than one pasture, pastures can rest, better weed control

disadvantages of simple rotational grazing

increased cost for fencing, more labor

advantages of intensive rotational grazing

multiple pastures, rotate every 3-7 days, improved weed control

disadvantages of intensive rotational grazing

higher management, more labor, increased risk of internal parasites

advantages of mob grazing

48+ small paddocks, high stock density, more movements, long rests

disadvantage of mob grazing

big investment in labor/fencing

strip grazing

temporary electric fence, force sheep to eat specific forages

sequence grazing

use of two or more pastures with different forage composition, extends grazing season and enhances forage quality