Terms new - Global History of Arch

Abbey

A grouping of buildings that constitutes the housing and other necessary structures for a society of Christian monks or nuns who were all living under a specific religious rule.

Cloister

An enclosed rectangular space in a monastery, usually an open, garden court

surrounded by roofed passages on all four sides. In a monastery, the cloister connects the

church to the domestic structures.

Pilgrimage Plan

A basilica plan church with side-aisles that envelop the entire structure. This

allows for the circulation of large crowds without the disruption of the liturgy. (also

called "pilgrimage road architecture.")

Ribbed vault

A vault with projecting bands.

Flying buttress

An arch transmitting the thrust of a vault or roof from the upper part of the wall to an outer support buttress. A mass of masonry projecting from a wall to give additional support.

Groin vault

two intersecting barrel vaults

Pinnacle

a small, steep turret-like structure crowning spires and other roof structures.

Rose window

A circular window with foils of patterned tracery arranged like the spokes of a

wheel.

allées

broad roadways, usually radiating outward from a single point.

Formal garden

a style of landscape architecture characterized by form and visual order as

expressed through a symmetrical plan, rigid geometries, and long straight roads and

sight lines.

parterre de broderie

in French "an embroidered parterre," meaning a lawn shaped to imitate

the decorative geometric forms of the kind found on a carpet.

Chahar bagh

Persian term in garden design, meaning "four gardens." Indicates a quadrilateral

garden divided by water channels. The layout is based on the Four Gardens of Paradise

as described in the Quran.

Chatri

a structure consisting of dome raised by four pillars, usually found in South Asian

palace and funerary architecture.

Iwan

a shallow hall with a pointed vault serving as a portal or closed at the back and facing a court.

Enlightenment Rationalism

Architectural designs that developed during the Enlightenment

period. Typically inspired by scientific studies and featured ideal proportions and

geometric forms.

Architecture parlante (Speaking Architecture)

Architecture that explains its own function or

identity by means of its form. The phrase was originally associated with Claude Nicolas

Ledoux. (see saltworks)

Ferrovitreous Architecture

Glass and Steel architecture, which became possible with the invention of new material during the industrial revolution.

Neo-Gothic style

The 19th-century return to the medieval Gothic architectural style. Popular

especially in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, each for different nationalistic

reasons. For many critics, Neo-Gothic architecture had the capacity to capture the per- industrialized society's spiritual and moral purity.

Neo-Classical style

The revival of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. Characterized by

rational design and a scientific approach to building. Inspired by emerging archaeological studies of ancient cities like Athens, Pompeii, and Rome.

Arts & Crafts Movement

Emerged from the attempt to reform design and decoration in mid-19th century Britain. It was a reaction against a perceived decline in standards that the reformers associated with machinery and factory production. A movement to reform society through design practice.

"Useful Beauty"

A design principle stressed by the Arts & Crafts movement. A belief in craftsmanship which stresses the inherent beauty of the material, the importance of nature as inspiration, and the value of simplicity, and utility.

Prairie-style architecture

style of building that believes a structure should reflect the surrounding natural environment. This movement, also known as Prarie School, is similar

to the Arts and Crafts movement and is known as the first distinctly American

architectural style, especially in the Midwest. It called for non-derivative, distinctly

American architecture rooted in nature, with a sense of place, but also incorporated

modern elements, like flat planes and stylized ornamentation.

(see robie house)

Vienna Secession Movement

Art movement, closely related to Art Nouveau, that was formed

in 1897 by a group of Austrian painters, graphic artists, sculptors and architects. The breaking away of younger and more radical artists from an existing academy or art group to form a new grouping.

"Form Follows Function"

Phrase coined by the American architect Louis Sullivan, about modern architectural design.

International Style Modernism

a major architectural style that was developed in the 1920s

and 1930s and was closely related to modernism. The style of architecture that emerged

in Holland, France, and Germany after World War I and spread throughout the world,

becoming the dominant architectural style until the 1970s. The style is characterized by

an emphasis on volume over mass, the use of lightweight, mass-produced, industrial

materials, rejection of all ornament and color, repetitive modular forms, and the use of

flat surfaces, typically alternating with areas of glass.

"Machine for Living"

A term invented by the Swiss architect Le Corbusier to describe the modern house.

5 Points for a New Architecture by Le Corbusier

1. Pilotis - replacement of supporting walls by a grid of reinforced concrete columns that bears the structural load is the basis of the new aesthetic, and allowed for open interior floor plans.

2. The Free Plan - achieved through the separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls subdividing the space.

3. The Free Façade - The corollary of the free plan in the vertical plane.

4. Ribbon Window - The long horizontal sliding window, which reimagines the exterior view as a film strip from a motion picture.

5. Roof Garden - restoring the area of ground covered by the house.

Post Modernism

an architectural style or movement which emerged in the 1960s as a reaction

against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of modern architecture, particularly

in the international style. Post modernism can be identified by four characteristics:

quotation, metaphor, plurality and parody.

Critical Regionalism

an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and

lack of identity of International Style Modernism, but also rejects the whimsical

individualism and ornamentation of Postmodern architecture. It seeks to provide an

architecture rooted in the modern tradition, but tied to geographical and cultural context.

Wapan masonry

a traditional Chinese vernacular tiling technique that has evolved into a

hybrid construction process involving brick, stone and roof tiles. Traditionally used in

villages as a way to utilize materials that were readily available, such as left over roofing

tiles and broken bricks, it is now becoming part of the new architectural language of

China as a response to heritage masonry and sustainability.