BIOL 206 Exam 1 - Donna Janes

Microbes are _____________ meaning that they can be found everywhere from the earth's crust to plants and animals

Ubiquitous

Which microorganisms are prokaryotic?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which microorganisms are eukaryotic?

Fungi, protozoa, algae, helminthes

Which microorganisms are acellular (neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic)?

Viruses

What makes up the cell walls of bacteria?

peptidoglycan

Penicillin inhibits what in bacteria?

inhibits bacteria from making peptidoglycan walls

How do bacteria divide?

binary fission

Which microorganism do antibiotics work against?

Bacteria

_________ % of microorganisms are pathogenic

Less than 1%

List the functions of microorganisms as a whole

1. carbon producers via photosynthesis

2. produce industrial chemicals

3. produce fermented foods

4. recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorous

5. serve as a food source in the ocean

Tre/False: archaea usually don't cause issues in humans

True

True/False: archaea causes dental plaque

true

True/False: archaea has walls made of peptidoglycan just like bacteria cell walls

false

Different ______________ allows archaea to withstand ________________________ such as high temperatures

cell membrane lipids; extreme conditions

Archaea are thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens. Define these terms.

Archaea can withstand 1) high heat 2) high salt 3) high methane gas levels

What kind of eukaryotic microorganism is not a common human pathogen?

Algae

Helminths such as flatworms and round worms are types of __________________

Parasites

True/False: protozoans produce mild infection in humans

false, they produce the nastiest infections

Protozoans love ________________ (warm/cold) environments

warm

__________________ are becoming more prevalent bc of global warming

protozoans

Giardia is a type of ________________

protozoan

Giardia causes what well known condition among hikers/campers?

Backpackers diarrhea

Giardia makes a _____________ making it hard for _____________ tablets to kill them off

cyst; chlorine

True/False: viruses are independently living

false

Viruses are more complex than _______________ but less complex than _______________

molecules; cells

Dr J argues that viruses are __________________ (living/nonliving)

living

Define obligate intracellular parasite

Only replicate inside a living host

List the two arguments for viruses being non living

they cannot reproduce or do metabolism on their own; they are missing lipids and carbohydrates (two of the essential macromolecules of life)

List the argument for viruses being living

They consist of DNA or RNA court surrounded by a protein coat (protein coat + nucleic acid = nucleocapsid)

Prions are a subclass of viruses which are _______________ (cellular/acellular)

acellular

Prions _______________ (do/do not) contain DNA/RNA

do not

How do microorganisms produce energy?

photosynthesis

How do microorganisms affect the atmosphere?

They change the atmosphere from one without O2 to one with O2

The production of O2 by microorganisms led to what two things allowing for an explosion of species diversification?

Aerobic respiration; formation of the ozone

Photosynthetic organisms account for over _____ % of the earth's photosynthesis

70%

Decomposition breaks down dead matter into _________________ which are directed back into the natural cycles of living things

simple compounds

Bacteria decomposes bodily tissue converting it into __________ & ____________

liquids and gases

Explain the theory of evolution in relation to microbiology

Soon after the earth was formed, the first ancient cells formed. From these two types of single celled organisms developed bacteria and archaea. After >1Bil Yrs, eukaryotes appeared

Algae is used to produce __________________

biofuel

Bacteria and fungi influence what 5 characteristics in fermented foods?

FOTAC

flavour, odor, texture, acidity, colour

Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in __________________

gene therapy

Define recombinant DNA technology

the technique for designing GMOs by transferring genetic material from one organism to another and to deliberately alter DNA

Genetically modified bacteria are used to _______________________________

protect crops from insects and from freezing

What three factors are required for successful bioremediation?

H2O, O2, microbes

Bioremediation reduces what three main contaminants?

pesticides, solvents, heavy metals

Bioremediation uses microbes' ______________ to break down chemicals that are harmful to other organisms

large capacity

How is bioremediation commonly used?

treatment of water and sewage

Bacteria metabolizes __________ to useable compounds __________ and ____________

N2, nitrate, ammonia

Bacillus thuringiensis is a ___________ which produces _________ and ___________. Insects ingest _________ and breaks it into small pieces that assemble into a porin the gut and breaks down the __________ tract. It is ______________ to other organisms.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a FERTILIZER which produces ENDOSPORES and CRYSTALS. Insects ingest ACTIVATED CRYSTALS and breaks it into small pieces that assemble into a porin the gut and breaks down the DIGESTIVE tract. It is HARMLESS to other organisms.

Bacteria _______________ carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorous turning them back into _______________ for plants and animals

recycle; usable forms

Which two lower respiratory tract infections are the deadliest?

Pneumonia and influenza

In recent years, there has been a/an ____________________ (increase/decrease) in microbes that are resistant to drugs

increase

Recent studies have shown more ____________ effects of microbes causing slow destructive diseases such as female infertility, some cancers, and several neural disorders

Subtle

_________________ (infectious/non infectious) diseases are caused by microbes and may communicable

Infectious

__________________ (infectious/non infectious) diseases are not caused by microbes and are not communicable

non infectious

___________________ is the concept that life springs from non living material

spontaneous generation/abiogenesis

Define biogenesis

living organisms arise from preexisting life

What is the germ theory of disease?

a particular infectious disease is caused by a particular microorganism

Who invented the ethical codes/oath for healthcare?

Hippocrates

What bacteria causes the bubonic plague?

Yersinia pestis

Bubonic plague was transferred from what?

Fleas who transfer bacteria to a new host via blood meal ---- common in rodents

The primary consequence of the bubonic plague is _____________

swelling of the lymph nodes becoming buboes filling with blood thus resulting in necrosis

Intravascular coagulation + subcutaneous hemorrhaging = ?

necrosis/gangrene (dead tissue with gas)

True/False: the pneumonic plague is not contagious

false; it is highly contagious

What causes pneumonic plague?

Breathing in yersinia pestis

List the differences (4) in dealing with COVID-19 now vs. dealing with the bubonic plague or Spanish flu then?

1. we know what causes diseases

2. we know how disease spreads

3. we know how to fight disease

4. past data available to use

What experiment did Redi do and what was the outcome?

Used two pieces of meat, one enclosed and one in open air; proved biogenesis with larger organisms such as flies and maggots

How did Leeuwenhoek contribute to microbiology? (3)

1. described microorganisms using his microscope invention

2. proved that microbes moved with a purpose

3. called bacteria "animalcules"

Who is considered to be the father of bacteriology?

Leeuwenhoek

What experiment did Jablot do and what was the outcome?

Two sets of broth, one sealed, one open; proved biogenesis

What experiment did Needham do and what was the outcome?

Repeated Jablot's experiment, but proved spontaneous generation (likely through contamination of materials resulting in bacterial growth in sealed container)

What experiment did Spallanzani do and what was the outcome?

repeated Jablot's experiment; proved biogenesis

What did Joseph Priestly contribute to microbiology?

He discovered O2

What experiment did Schwann and Schultz & Schroder and Von Dusch do and what was the outcome?

Repeated Jablot's experiments using barriers to allow air to come in but to prohibit bacteria from entering

What stoppers did Schwann and Schultz use in their experiment to filter out bacteria but allow for air entrance? Schroder and Von Dusch?

Schwann and Schultz: heated air inlet

Schroder and Von Dusch: cotton plug

What did Pasteur contribute to microbiology? (4)

1. definitively disproved spontaneous generation using a curved neck flask (swan neck) preventing bacteria from entering but allowing O2 to enter

2. invented fermentation and pasteurization

3. several vaccines including anthrax and rabies

4. understanding of food spoilage

Define pasteurization

the application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria

___________________ was common in women giving births in hospitals causing high death rate

Streptococcus bacteria causing infection

Semmelweis introduced _____________ to prevent infection

Hand washing with chlorinated lime solution

Joseph Lister contributed what during the golden age of microbiology?

took credit for using a chemical disinfectant and heat sterilized instruments to prevent wound infections

Joseph Lister claimed "Father of ________________"

Antiseptic surgery

What two medical accomplishments were made in the Golden Age of Microbiology?

Germ Theory, Aseptic/Sterile techniques

Who is considered to be the pioneer of modern nursing?

Florence Nightingale

What did Florence Nightingale do?

Insisted on better hygiene infield hospitals (documented unsanitary conditions) and founded the first school of nursing

Who proved germ theory?

Robert Koch

What are Koch's postulates used for?

used to prove the cause of an infectious disease; still used today

List Koch's postulates

1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it's inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.

4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

Koch's wife suggested _________________

Using agar as a solid media

What is an etiological agent?

A biological agent that causes illness or death

Who developed the Petri dish and what is it's purpose?

Koch; allows air in but keeps contaminants out allowing for isolation of pure cultures

How did Edward Jenner contribute to microbiology?

Used cowpox (vaccinia) vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox (variola virus)

What is the first and only disease believed to have been eradicated from the planet?

Smallpox

Describe the two types of chemotherapy

Type 1: uses chemicals and dyes

Type 2: uses antibiotics

Antibiotics are produced by what?

Bacteria and fungi to inhibit or kill other microbes

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

Fleming, penicillin ("Flem Fleming antibiotics")

Describe the DNA of a prokaryotic cell.

a nucleoid contains one circular DNA chromosome; no nucleus

Prokaryotes lack ____________ allowing them to divide and multiply faster

histones

Prokaryotic cells lack __________________ organelles

membrane-bound

What differentiates a nucleoid from a nucleus?

It lacks a membrane

True/False: all prokaryotes have cell walls

True