Honors World Final Exam Review Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards for Honors World History Final Exam review, covering revolutions, industrialization, imperialism, world wars, and the Cold War.

Decembrists

Russian soldiers who revolted against Tsar Nicholas I (the first).

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A human civil rights document permanently set by the French assembly early in the French Revolution.

Dependent development

A form of imperialization where a country’s development depends on the prosperity of the imperial country.

Haitian Revolution

A rebellion started by slaves in Haiti killing their masters and burning homes and were eventually joined by maroons (individuals who had already escaped slavery in Haiti);

it led to Haiti becoming the first Black-led country in the western hemisphere and the first Latin American country to win independence.

Toussaint L’Overture

A formerly enslaved Haitian who led a general rebellion against slavery, established an independent government, and declared himself governor for life.

Indian cotton textiles

An industry that suffered a decline during the Industrial Revolution due to high British tariffs and policies intended to undermine Indian manufacturing.

Luddites

People who were against the machinery invented during industrialization.

Nationalism

A unifying force that threatened large empires and drove efforts to unite people sharing a culture into a single political state.

Steam engine

Invention made by James Watt that used coal to create steam for energy; it allowed factories to be built away from rivers and powered ships and trains.

Boxer Uprising

A violent anti-foreigner campaign in China led by the Righteous and Harmonious Order of Fists, targeting Christian missionaries and converts with support from Empress Cixi.

Cash-crop agriculture

Crops grown for commercial value rather than local use, such as tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber, and coffee.

Culture System

A system used by the Dutch East India Company in the Dutch East Indies that forced farmers to grow cash crops or work for no pay.

Congo Free State

A colony personally owned by King Leopold II of Belgium where laborers were forced to harvest ivory and rubber under brutal conditions, resulting in $3$ to $8$ million deaths.

Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858

Also known as the Sepoy Mutiny; it occurred when Indian soldiers under British employ rebelled after hearing rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat.

Meiji Restoration

A period in Japan under Emperor Mutsuhito characterized by western-style reforms, including the abolition of feudalism, industrialization, and a new education system.

Taiping Uprising

A failed Chinese rebellion against the Qing Dynasty led by Hong Xiuquan; it weakened China and made imperialism easier for foreign powers.

The sick man of Europe

A nickname for the Ottoman Empire during its period of decline due to corruption and failure to adopt Western technology.

Zaibatsu

Powerful family-owned business organizations in Meiji Japan to which the government sometimes sold new industries.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between Britain and China caused by British opium sales in China; resulted in the Treaty of Nanking and the loss of Chinese sovereignty.

Karl Marx

German scholar who argued capitalism divided people into the proletariat and bourgeoisie, advocating for a communist system with no class distinctions.

Proletariat

A term used by Karl Marx to describe the working class.

Bourgeoisie

A term used by Karl Marx to describe the middle class and owners of the means of production.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women' who argued for equal education to allow women to participate in political and professional society.

Olympe de Gouges

French writer who authored the 'Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen' during the French Revolution.

Seneca Falls Conference

The $1848$ gathering in New York led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott to promote women’s rights and suffrage.

American Revolution

A movement rooted in Enlightenment philosophy where colonists sought independence from Britain, featuring Thomas Jefferson’s 'Declaration of Independence' inspired by John Locke’s 'unalienable rights'.

French Revolution

A revolution driven by economic woes and inequality in the Estates General; led to the formation of the National Assembly and the storming of the Bastille.

National Assembly

A body formed by commoners (the Third Estate) during the French Revolution after breaking away from the Estates General.

Simon Bolivar

A creole from Venezuela who promoted Enlightenment ideals and led independence movements in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Creoles

Wealthy owners of estates and businesses in Latin America who desired independence from Spain to gain political power and oppose mercantilism.

Caudillos

Strong local leaders in Latin America who often disregarded representative government and maintained conservative social structures after independence.

Industrialization

A shift from rural to urban societies characterized by the development of technology, factory work, and the emergence of the working class, beginning in Britain in the $18^{th}$ century.

Social Darwinism

An ideological justification for imperialism that applied 'survival of the fittest' to justify European and US dominance.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

A movement in South Africa where people destroyed their cattle and crops in hopes of driving out the British, resulting in famine.

Ghost Dance

A movement in the northwestern US in approximately $1869$ involving rituals to bring back the dead and drive out white settlers; ended at the Wounded Knee Massacre.

Indian National Congress (INC)

A forum established by British-educated Indians to air grievances, which eventually evolved into a movement for self-rule.

Tanzimat reforms

Ottoman reforms involving the creation of secular schools, legal codification (Hatt-i-Humayun), and infrastructure development like railroads.

Young Turks

Also known as the Young Ottomans; they sought to establish a European-style democratic, secular constitutional government for the Ottoman Empire.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Leader of the Turkish national group who defeated the British in $1921$ and established the Republic of Turkey in $1923$.

Cultural Revolution

A plan embarked upon by Mao Zedong in $1966$ to silence critics and lead China toward a communist future through reeducation.

Glasnost

A policy of 'openness' introduced in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Gorbachev to grant greater political freedom.

Nelson Mandela

Leader in South Africa who promoted pan-Africanism and led nonviolent civil disobedience against apartheid through the ANC.

Marshall Plan

A US economic recovery plan that provided $13$ billion in aid to $22$ European nations after WWII to rebuild stability and resist communism.

NATO

An alliance of Western nations pledged to mutual support and cooperation in case of attack by a communist country.

Perestroika

Mikhail Gorbachev's attempts to restructure the Soviet economy to allow elements of free enterprise.

Total war

A conflict where combatant nations commit all their resources, including civilian and industrial, to the war effort.

Suez Canal

A waterway connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, nationalized by Gamal Abdel Nasser, leading to the Suez Crisis.

Great Depression

A global economic downturn following the $1929$ US stock market crash and agricultural overproduction.

Keynesian Theory

The economic idea by John Maynard Keynes that governments should use deficit spending to stimulate growth during a depression.

Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedong’s policy of organizing peasant lands into communes; it resulted in a massive famine and millions of deaths.

Khmer Rouge

A communist group led by Pol Pot in Cambodia that attempted to create an agrarian society, resulting in the death of $2$ million people.

Warsaw Pact

The Soviet response to NATO, including the nations of the communist bloc under the leadership of Moscow.

Bolsheviks

A revolutionary organization representing the working class in Russia, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power to set up a communist government.

Domino theory

The Cold War belief that if one country in a region fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow.

African National Congress (ANC)

An association established in $1912$ that eventually used nonviolent civil disobedience to challenge the South African government's system of repression.

Strategic Defense Initiative

A declaration by Ronald Reagan that the US could destroy nuclear missiles from space; it pressured the Soviet Union economically and technologically.