NIACC History Unit 3

George Washington Presidency

Unanimously elected first president. Two terms 1789-97. Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State and A Ham Secretary of Treasury Henry Knox Secretary of War. Supported Bill of Rights. Neutrality Proclamation to keep US neutral between Britain and France. Supported Hamilton Financial Plan. Put down Whiskey Rebellion. Judiciary Act 1789 established federal judiciary and Supreme Court.

Whiskey Rebellion

1791 excise tax on spirits recommended by A Ham to reduce Federal debt, seen as unfair by Pennsylvania farmers who relied on production of whiskey income. 1792 farmers begin protests. George Washington raises militia in late 1794 to suppress rebellion. Rebellion Quelled.

Alexander Hamilton

Central figure of Federalist party, advocate for central government and ratification of Constitution. Secretary of Treasury under George Washington, established financial plan. Federal assumption of states debts, national bank, establishment of system for generating revenue through tariffs and taxes. political rivalries with Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson. Founding Father.

Hamilton's plan to build credit

Assumption of state debts incurred during Rev. War. Unify state and federal interests. Pay face value of debts to original holders. Strengthen trust. Create national bank to serve as repository for federal funds and standardize currency. Tariffs on imported goods and excise taxes on certain products, (Whiskey Rebellion) Protects American industries. Faced significant opposition from Democratic-Republicans, particularly Thomas Jefferson, feared that these policies favor the people on Hamilton's side. Congress did ultimately pass many of Ham's proposals. Leading to successful establishment of national credit system.

Jay's Treaty

Named after John Jay, first Chief Justice of US., sent to Britain by George Washington to negotiate.Britain agreed to withdraw military forces from Northwest territory. Expanded trade relations, resolved debts owed by American citizens to British creditors. Did not fully resolve impressment of American sailors by British navy. Mid treaty met with opposition from Thomas Jefferson . Ratified by Senate in 1795, supported by Federalists, opposed by Democratic Republicans. Xiao Hong Shu.

George Washington Farewell Address

Retired after two terms to set precedent for future presidents. Farewell address to guide nation. Cautioned against political parties and the division they cause. Advised against permanent alliances with foreign nations, Neutrality Proclamation. Highlighted importance of strong public credit.

John Adams presidency

Inaugurated in 1797, after serving as Vice President to George Washington. Member of Federalist party. Quasi-War with France, undeclared naval conflict. Issues with French interference in American shipping and XYZ affair. Signed controversial Alien and Sedition Acts to strengthen national security, significant opposition. Backlash against Federalist party. Appointed Midnight judges, last minute appointments of Federalist Judges. , which Mabury vs Madison Convention of 1800, peace treaty with france, ending Quasi-War. Lost against thomas Jefferson for second term.

XYZ Affair

1790s during issues with French interfering in American shipping. John Adams sends peace mission to France, diplomats include Charles Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to negotiate. French agents, referred to as X y and z demanded bribes before beginning negotiations. Americans outraged at France. Resulted in Quasi-War. Federalists want war, Democratic republicans do not want war.

Alien Sedition Acts

1798 Enacted in response to threats from foreign nations and political climate between Federalists and Democratic Republicans. Alien Acts: allowed for deportation of any alien deemed dangerous without trial. Extended residency requirement to 14 years, to limit Democratic Republican Immigrants. Sedition Acts: Intended to silence criticism of federal government, aimed at opposition from Democratic Republicans. Criminalized publishing of false or scandalous writing against government. Acts met with significant opposition from Democratic Republicans. Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions allow nullification of federal laws that states deem unconstitutional. Contributed to decline of Federalist party. Repealed or expired during Adams' presidency.

Kentucky Virginia Resolutions

Passed in response to Alien Sedition Acts. Kentucky written by Thomas Jefferson, Virginia written James Madison. Asserted that states had right to evaluate constitutionality of federal laws. States could nullify any law deemed unconstitutional. Both motivated by belief that Alien Sedition acts violated First Amendment rights to free speech and press. Opposed by Federalists, supported by Democratic Republicans. Federalists some haters FR.

The Election of 1800

Often referred to as "Revolution of 1800." Federalist candidate John Adams. Thomas Jefferson Democratic Republicans. Electoral votes tie, House of Representatives chooses Thomas Jefferson in 1801. Peaceful transfer of power between political parties. Long period of Democratic Republican dominance in US, leading to decline of Federalist party.

Thomas Jefferson

First Democratic Republican, election marked shift in political power, "Revolution of 1800". Orchestrated purchase of Louisiana Territory from France. Commissioned Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore new land. Embargo Act of 1807 halted all trade with foreign nations. Unpopular and hurt American economy. Marbury Vs. Madison happened during his presidency.

Marbury v Madison

Federalist judge William Marbury's commission not delivered by Secretary of State James Madison, under orders of Thomas Jefferson. Marbury petitioned Supreme Court to receive his commission. Chief Justice of Supreme Court John Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission, but the Court did not have the authority to issue written order because the Judiciary Act of 1789 that granted the court this power was unconstitutional. Supreme Court now allowed to judge constitutionality of laws.

Embargo Act 1807

Signed by Thomas Jefferson, prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports. Protect American interests by avoiding war and reducing alliance on foreign nations. Severely hurt American economy. Highly unpopular. Repealed in 1809, just before Jefferson left office. Followed by Non-Intercourse Act, which lifted embargo on countries except Britain and France.

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson sends ministers to France to offer $10 million for New Orleans and land extending eastward to Florida. Napoleon's ministers offered entire Louisiana territory for $15 million. Ministers go beyond instructions and accept.

Corp of Discovery Purpose

Purpose-Commissioned by Thomas Jefferson to explore new Louisiana Territory from Louisiana purchase and find water route to Pacific Ocean. 1804-1806. Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Tasked to Document geography, biology, and cultures during their journey.

Sacagawea

Shoshone native woman. Guide and interpreter for Corps of Discovery. Facilitate communication. Signaled peaceful intentions with her presence to the various tribes the Corp of Discovery.

Meriwether Lewis

Co-captain of Corps of Discovery. Appointed by Thomas Jefferson. Responsible for planning and logistics of expedition. Served as governor of Louisiana territory after expedition.

William Clark

Co-Captain of Corps of Discovery. Became governor of Missouri territory and worked to foster relations with Native American tribes.

York

Slave of William Clark. Accompanied Corps of discovery, known for strength and resourcefulness. First African American to cross continent. Not much here other than sleeping with some women from a native tribe. Forget which one.

Charles Floyd

Only member of Corps of Discovery to die on journey. Perhaps burst appendix??? Burial cite in Sioux City Iowa. Not much here either.

James Madison

Fourth president, two terms, 1809-1817. Leading country during war of 1812 against Great Britain. Conflict arose fro trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors. Madison declared war. Supported establishment of second bank of US in 1816. Part of "Virginia Dynasty." Called "Father of the Constitution."

War of 1812

Causes: Impressment of sailors. British forcibly recruiting American sailors into navy. British imposed trade restrictions. Supported Native Americans resistance against American expansion. June 18 1812 James Madison declares war. Major battles: Lake Erie, Thames, Fort McHenry, New Orleans. British Forces burn DC in 1814, including Capitol and White House.Ended with Treaty of Ghent Christmas Eve 1814. Neither side gained territory, treaty did not resolve key issues that led to war. Led to "Era of good feelings." Contributed to decline of Fed Party.

Battle of Fort McHenry

September 13-14 1814, Baltimore, Maryland, to defend harbor and city. British aimed to capture Baltimore after burning DC, naval bombing against fort. American defenders of fort don't surrender. Francis Scott Key, amateur poet, aboard British ship during bombardment. Writes poem "The Defence ofFort McHenry" becomes "Star-Spangled Banner." British fleet withdrew after failing to capture fort. War of 1812 SFE SFE SFE SFE SFE SFE SFE SFE SFE.

Battle of New Orleans

January 8 1812. Near New Orleans Louisiana along Mississippi River. Fought after Treaty of Ghent was signed, news of treaty had not reached combatants. US led by General Andrew Jackson, who commanded troops, state militia, pirates, free African Americans, everybody. British led by General Edward Pakenham. British wanted to control shipping routes along Mississippi. Decisive victory for Americans. Jackson national hero.

Hartford Convention

December 15 1814 - January 5 1815. Located in Hartford Connecticut. Convened by New England Federalists to discuss grievances regarding War of 1812. Delegates from Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Concerns over governments war policies, and proposed amendments to US Constitution to increase power of states. 2/3 majority in Congress for declaring war, limit presidency to one term, Abolish 3/5 Compromise. Convention perceived as disloyal, widespread backlash for Federalists. Decline of party.

Treaty of Ghent

Signed December 24, 1814. Negotiated in Ghent, present day Belgium. Signed by US and Great Britain, ended War of 1812. Restored territorial lines to their original positions before war. Did not include any any provisions for Native American tribes. News of agreement did not reach United States until February, after Battle of New Orleans.

James Monroe

5th president two terms 1817-1825. His presidency often referred to as "Era of Good Feelings" national unity and political harmony after War of 1812. Missouri Compromise during his presidency, and Monroe doctrine, foreign policy which warned European powers over further colonization or interference in Americas. Acquired Florida during presidency, Adams-Onis Treaty. Panic of 1819.

Era of Good Feelings

1815-1825 debatably. Post War of 1812 nationalism. Death of Federalist party, political unity.Economic expansion, canals, railroads, and roads. Westward expansion. (Missouri Compromise.) Panic of 1819 highlights economic issues, like the big bank. Era included diplomatic achievements like acquisition of Florida and Monroe Doctrine. All the same stuff for James Monroe presidency whatever dont choose to identify both on the test.

1819 Recession

Speculation in land investments and overextension of credit led to higher prices. Expanding states issue banknotes without backing. Many banks fail, many lose savings. Many farmers face foreclosure. During Era of Good Feelings and James Monroe presidency.

Florida (Adams-Onis) Treaty

Also known as Transcontinental treaty, signed in 1819. Negotiated between John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, and Luis de Onis, Spanish Minister to United States. Treaty ceded Florida to US. Boundaries of Louisiana purchase clarified, Spain ceded control of territory west of Mississippi River. Dividing line from Gulf of Mexico to Pacific Ocean. U.S. Mexico border. Happened during James Monroe presidency.

Missouri Compromise

Passed in 1820, Missouri admitted to US as slave state, Maine admitted as free state. Established geographical boundary for slavery in Louisiana Territory, slavery prohibited north of 36 30 parallel, except in Missouri. Created and proposed by Henry Clay.

Election of 1824

four major candidates: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford, and Henry Clay. Jackson won popular vote and most electoral votes but did not achieve majority to win outright. House of Representative decided on John Quincy Adams. Henry Clay played crucial role in house, and endorsed Quincy Adams. Clay became Secretary of State, accusation of "corrupt bargain," to secure Adams' presidency.

Corrupt Bargain

Andrew Jackson received most electoral votes and popular vote. Henry Clay speaker of House and presidential candidate endorses Adams, leading to his victory in the election. After being elected, Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State, suspicious backroom deal? Jackson and his supporters view alliance as corrupt, undermined Jackson's legitimate victory.

Transportation and early innovations

-First roads: Lancaster Turnpike and Cumberland Road

-Cumberland: ran from Maryland to Illinois, 1811-1850

-Erie Canal completed in 1825

-steamboat travel began in 1807 with the Clermont-first railroads built in late 1820s

Study this one yourself. Xiao Hong Shu

Andrew Jackson Presidency

1829-1837. First Democratic President. Veto'd the second bank, Indian Removal Act, Nullification crisis, Panic of 1837. Know what these are and there are your SFEs.

Indian Removal Act

1830. American settlers want access to land inhabited by Native American tribes, particularly Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Georgia. Signed by Andrew Jackson, authorized federal government to negotiate land exchanges with Native tribes. Such as offering them land west of Mississippi in exchange for the land they owned. Goal was to clear land for white settlers and agricultural development. Affected Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole. Forcibly removed and relocated to "Indian Territory" that being present-day Oklahoma. "Trail of Tears" for Cherokee nation. Relocation of thousands of Cherokee people, estimated 4000 died from disease, exposure, and starvation.

Trail of Tears

Refers to forced relocation of several Native tribes, particularly Cherokee, from their homeland to designated territory west of Mississippi River. Same as definition for Indian Removal Act just use those SFEs if on test.

Bank Wars

Political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and Second Bank of US during 1830s. Jackson and supporters view bank as symbol of corruption, concentrates too much financial power in hands of a few wealthy people. Jackson holds mistrust of centralized banking. Believed bank favored northern interests and detrimental to South and West. 1832 Bank president Nicholas Biddle sought to renew bank's charter before it expired, Jackson vetoed charter. Jackson withdraws federal funds from Second Bank and redistributes them into smaller state banks. Leads to significant instability in banking system, contributes to Panic of 1837. Second Bank charter expires in 1836, leads to decentralized banking.

Nullification Crisis

Political conflict between US federal government and state of South Carolina over tariffs and state's rights. Sparked by tariff of 1828, "Tariff of Abominations" raised duties on imported goods, harm Southern economies, benefit Northern industries. South Carolina Ordnance of Nullification in 1832, declared tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void, challenging federal authority. Andrew Jackson asserted supremacy of federal law. Force Bill passed in 1833 by Congress, allowing Jackson to deploy troops against South Carolina. Congress passes Compromise Tariff in 1833, gradually reducing duties over the next decade, negotiated by Henry Clay. South Carolina rescinds ordinance of nullification but maintained right to nullify.

Woman's Suffrage

-resented that they couldn't be a part of politics -leading feminists met at Seneca Fall, NY 1848 -first women's rights convention -issued Declaration of Sentiments (similar to Declaration of independence) -Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony led campaign for equal voting

Temperance

Temperance: alcohol consumed often, societies formed to push temperance, politicians and factory owners supported it because it could reduce crime and poverty, Maine prohibited manufacture and sale of liquors

Alexis de Tocqueville

Early 1830s

*French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States

*Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society

*Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality

*Provided an outsider's objective view of the Age of Jackson

Education

-Schools: motivated by their fear of the growing number of uneducated people, Horace Mann- leading supporter, pushed for compulsory attendance and longer year, wanted them to learn about morals (McGuffey readers)-Higher education: second great awakening created private colleges

Prison/Asylum Reform

-Mental Hospitals: 1840s state legislature funded mental hospitals -Schools for Blind and Deaf -Prisons: structure and discipline would bring moral reform, enforced rigid rules, experimented with solitary confinement

Reform Movements-Utopian Society

-Transcendentalism-Utopias: very numerous, Brook Farm, Shakers, Amana Colonies, New Harmony, Oneida Community, Fourier Phalanxes