acid base temp

FQAWKING HELl

Properties of acid

Sour taste
Change litmus paper to red
React with metals to produce H2
Neutralizes with bases
Are electrolytes (strong or weak)

Properties of bases

Bitter taste
Litmus paper turns blue
Feels slippery
Neutralizes with acids
Are electrolytes (strong or weak)

Sulfuric acid uses

Most commonly produced industrial chemical
Used in petroleum
Used in fertilizers

Nitric Acid uses

Volatile

Phosphoric acid uses

Used for fertilizer and animal feed
Used as flavoring in soft drink

Hydrochloric acid uses

Produced by stomach for digestion
Used to pickle iron and steel (clean)
used as cleaning agent and food processing
Called muriatic acid when diluted and used in pools

Acetic Acid uses

Contained in vinegar
Plastic and food supplements

Sodium hydroxide uses

Ionic solid in pure form
used for soap

Ammonia uses

pungent gas in pure form
used in fertilizer
produced in haber process

Magnesium Hydroxide

Ionic solid in pure form
Common component of antacids

Sodium Carbonate uses

Ionic solid in pure form
Commonly called washing soda or soda ash
used in glass manufacturing and cleaning agent

Soaps are

Basic

Arrhenius definition

acids ionize to yield H+ ions while bases produce OH- ions.

one ionizable hydrogen called

monoprotic (HCl

Two ionizable hydrogen called and 3 are called

diprotic (H2SO4)

Only what type of bonds ionize

Polar bonds

Bronsted Lowry definition

Acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors

Conjugate acid

base that gained H+ ion

Conjugate base

Acid that lost H+ ion

Amphoteric

a substance that can act as both an acid and a base
H2O

What is responsible for properties of acids

Hydronium ion

strong acids ionize how much

100%

Why are weak acids weak

Acid-acid attraction is strong

Greater shift in electron density away from proton

more ionization

Strength of binary acids (HCl

HI

Order of strongest acids

HF

Greater En

stronger acid

Why is HF weak

H-F bond is too strong

More oxygen atoms

Stronger the acid

Strength of oxyacids

acid strength increases with increasing electronegativity
greater polarity of H-X bond means stronger acid
Higher oxidations states means stronger acid

Order of binary oxyacids

HFO

Strong acids

HCl

Strong bases

Sr(OH)2

Strength of base

More soluble

Remember to put double arrows on all weak reactions

ok massa

Least EN metals

Strongest bases because weaker solute-solute attraction

Acid + Metal

gas and salt

Acids + Metallic oxides

Salt and water

Acids and carbonates

CO2

Nonmetallic oxide + water

Acid

Substance that produces acid when combined with water is called

acid anhydride

Active Metal + water

Metallic hydroxide

Metallic oxide + water

Base

smtn with water to make base is

basic anhydride

Neutralization

Acid + base to make salt and water

Hydrolysis

Reaction between water and dissolved salt

Salt hydrolysis

Cations or anions remove hydrogen or donate hydrogen to water

hydrolyzing salts uaually come from

strong acid and weak base or weak acid and strong base

strong acid + strong base

Neutral

Strong acid + weak base

Acidic

Weak Acid + strong base

Basic

For NIE dont break down weak acids/bases

yes massa

Equivalence point

place where equal amount of acid and base; in a one to one ratio this means same aomoutn of both sides.

Weak acid-strong base curve vs strong acid-weak base curve

Stronger one wins so equivalence follows, weak acid strong base has a more basic PH for equivalence point.

Indicators are usually

weak acids or bases and indicated by In

Transition interval

point where indicator changes color

4 steps of titration

1. measured volume of solution added to flask

2. solution is added to buret with known M; is standard solution

3. Indicator is added to flask

4. Volume from buret mixed into solution until indicator changes color

Indicators used for acids

Methyl violet, congo red, methyl orangeIn

indicator used for neutral pH

bromthymol Blue

Indicator used for basic pH

phenol Red, Phenolphthalein, Indigo Carmine

ph Scale markings

0-2 is distinct, 2-6 is moderate acidic, 6-8 is netural, 8-12 is moderate basic, 12 is distinct

ph Scale is a _ scale

log, multiplied by 10 per incrament

Ex: pH of 3 is 100 times as strong as pH of 5

As negative powers decrease on molarity

that means its getting stronger