bh part 1 (sensation/perception, consciousness (no drugs))

hi

adults with mental illness

1/5

adults with SERIOUS mental illness

1/20

people aged 6-17 with mental illness

1/7

what % of mental illness begins at 14

50

what % of mental illness begins at 24

75

second cause of death for 10-24 year olds

suicide

detection of stimuli

sensation

interpretation of stimuli

perception

attention grabbing stimuli

novelty, change, intensity

transduction

sensory info translated into neural signals

attention positively correlated with change

sensory adaptation

simple input → complex

bottom up processing

memory required to interpret incoming sensory info

top-down processing

study of relationship between stimuli’s physical qualities and produced perceptions

psychophysics

smallest stimuli one can detect 50% of the time

absolute threshold

smallest detectable difference between stimuli

difference threshold

absolute threshold for touch

wing fly on cheek from 1cm/0.4 inches away

absolute threshold for olfaction

1 drop of perfume in 6 room apartment

absolute threshold for sweetness

1 tsp/5 grams of sugar in 2 gallons/7.5L of water

which has a more sensitive absolute threshold: bitter or sweet?

bitter

absolute threshold for hearing

mosquito 10 feet / 3 meters away

absolute threshold for vision

candle flame 30 miles / 48 kilometers away

analysis of sensory and decision making processes in detection of faint, uncertain stimuli

signal detection

step one of signal detection

actual intensity of a stimulus

step two of signal detection

observer’s individual criteria for occurrence

occipital → parietal lobe processes _?

movement

occipital → temporal lobe processes _?

shape, color, faces

amplitude of a light wave is

brightness

% of Cerebrum processing visual info

50%

% of Cerebrum processing hearing info

3%

% of Cerebrum processing tactile info

11%

where are rods and cones located

retina

specialized retinal cells for high detail + central vision

fovea/macula

clear, behind pupil for light accomodation (bendy)

lens

opening formed by iris

pupil

colored muscle

iris

light refraction, frontmost

cornea

midline of eye where nerves cross to the other hemisphere

optic chaism

communicates light info to hypothalamus for SLEEP

optic tract

how many rods

110 million

how many cones

6 million

where are cones best

brightness

where is seeing dim light easiest

peripherals, because rods are more common

rods’ best color

teal

cones’ best color

purple, green

how many ganglion cells

50,000

functions of ganglion cells

setting bio clocks, pupil reflexes, assessing brightness

human vision under starlight

20/200

where do 90% of axons in optic tracts synapse

thalamus

manages visually guided reflexes like changing pupil size

superior colliculi of midbrain

what happens in optic disk (blind spot)

blood vessels enter eye, optic nerve exits eye

no red cones

protanopia

no blue cone

tritanopia

no green cone

deuteranopia

short wave

blue

medium wave

green

long wave

red

what does trichromatic color theory explain

colorblindness

what does trichromatic color theory NOT explain

afterimages

opponent process theory

red/green and blue/yellow channels; one in channel on while other off

what does opponent process theory explain

afterimages

why do afterimages happen

cone fatigue

how to detect colorblindness

1917 Ishihara color test

myopia (nearsighted) caused by

long eyeballs

hyperopia (farsighted) caused by

short eyeballs

Gestalt organizing principles

Division (between figure and ground

Proximity

Similarity

Continuity

Simplicity

depth perception

2d image projected on retina perceived as 3d

one eye needed to perceive

monocular cue

monocular cue example

texture, shading

two eyes required to perceive

binocular cue

binocular depth cue example

retinal disparity

blocking of distant objects by closer objects

occlusion

where is audition easiest

in fluid

under 20hz, scary

infrasound

less than 4000hz represented by

temporal theory (unprecise basilar membrane)

greater than 4000hz represented by

place theory

above 20,000hz

ultrasound

temporal theory suggests

patterns of neutral firing match sound frequency

place theory suggests

frequency of a sound is correlated with part of basilar membrane showing peak response

dB intensity for instant perforation of eardrum

160dB

dB intensity for threshold of hearing

0dB

place theory: max response for high tones located at

narrow, stiff base

place theory: max response for low tones located at

wide, floppy apex

external ear, collects sound waves to send to auditory canal

pinna

auditory canal sends sound waves where?

tympanic membrane (Eardrum)

structure on basilar membrane containing auditory receptors (hair cells)

organ of corti

parts of cochlea

vestibular canal, tympanic canal, basilar membrane

number of hair cells in each human ear

15,500

between vestibular and tympanic canals

cochlear ducts

separates cochlear duct from tympanic canal

basilar membrane, vibrates

brain part participating in sound localization (identify source)

midbrain

inner ear structure that provides somatosensory info about position/movement

vestibular system

what sleep stage is vestibular system active

REM sleep

content of dreams reflects neutral activity

activation synthesis theory

what may lead to falling/flying dreams

activation synthesis, vestibular system

balance, head rotation movements

semicircular canals

theory: pain messages to brain are modified by competing incoming sensory signals

Gate control theory

(openness = more pain tolerance/awareness)

a state of awareness of what is occurring internally/externally

consciousness

when may final maturation occur

in mid 20s, when pre-pubescent sleep habits return