Biology: Viruses, Cell Functions, and Genetic Principles
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51 Terms
Are viruses considered living things?
No, they are not considered living things because they require host cell machinery to synthesize viral particles.
What is the protein coating that protects the genetic information in a virus?
Capsid
What happens to the host bacterium at the end of the lytic cycle of the T-4 phage?
The cell ruptures.
What is phage conversion?
It occurs when viral genes are incorporated into the host cell's genome.
What does it mean for HIV to be a retrovirus?
It means the viral RNA is copied into DNA.
What is the function of the integrase enzyme in HIV?
Fusing the viral genome with the host's genome.
What is the function of the drug AZT?
Reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
What are prions?
Self-replicating proteins.
How is Kuru transmitted?
By eating the brain of an infected person.
Where are hemagglutinin and neuroaminidase found?
On the surface of an influenza virus.
How does a viroid differ from a virus?
A viroid is an infectious particle that consists of just a single closed strand of RNA.
Is cooking ground beef to 160 °F sufficient to denature prion proteins?
No, it is not, as prions are stable at temperatures exceeding 150 °C.
If a filtered serum (120 nm pore size) transmits a disease, does this indicate a viral pathogen?
Yes, because no bacterium could fit through the filter.
How do harmless strains of Vibrio cholerae become pathogenic when infected by the CTX phage?
All of the above: the CTX phage is lysogenic, the genes for the cholera toxin are of viral origin, the viral genes are incorporated into the bacterial genome, and phage conversion enables the bacteria to produce the toxin.
How would a mutation changing the conformation of CD4 receptors affect the HIV infection cycle?
The virus could not bind to the host cell.
How do protease inhibitors prevent viral replication in HAART?
By blocking the assembly of viral peptides.
What is ecology?
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
What are biotic factors?
Living things that influence an ecosystem.
What are abiotic factors?
Nonliving factors that influence an ecosystem.
What is a habitat?
The place where an organism lives.
What is a niche?
An organism's purpose, including food, space, reproduction, and interactions.
What is symbiosis?
Two species living closely together.
What is mutualism?
A symbiotic relationship where both species benefit.
What is commensalism?
A symbiotic relationship where one member benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.
What is parasitism?
A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives on or inside another and harms it.
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have both.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
It packages and transports materials.
What is the function of lysosomes?
They remove waste.
What is the function of ribosomes?
They make proteins.
What is the function of the nucleus?
It contains DNA and controls cell activities.
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6H2O + 6CO2 + Light energy -> 6O2 + C6H12O6
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis versus meiosis?
Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells; meiosis produces 4 daughter cells.
What is the chromosome count change in human mitosis?
Starts at 46 chromosomes and ends at 46 chromosomes.
What is the chromosome count change in human meiosis?
Starts at 46 chromosomes and ends at 23 chromosomes.
What are the four phases of mitosis in order?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
What is a genotype?
The genetic information made up of two alleles.
What is a phenotype?
The outward physical appearance of gene expression.
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
How many independent variables should an experiment have?
One.
What type of bond forms between oppositely charged atoms?
An ionic bond.
What is the pH range of an acid?
Below 7.
When does crossing over occur?
Prophase I of meiosis.
What cell organelle releases oxygen?
Chloroplast.
In DNA, what base does guanine pair with?
Cytosine.
What happens to a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution?
It swells.
What does an enzyme do?
It lowers the energy of activation.
What type of bond holds amino acids together in a protein?
Peptide bonds.
What are the six elements most commonly found in living things?
Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Hydrogen.
What are the products of yeast fermentation?
Carbon dioxide and alcohol.
What is the nitrogen base unit of DNA called?
Nucleotide.