Chapter 21: Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict: The Rise and Fall of World Communism, 1917-Present

Which of the following Latin American countries established a communist government allied with the Soviet Union?

Cuba

What was one of the strengths of the Nationalist Party under Chiang Kai-shek, which ruled China after 1928 until the Communist revolution?

It promoted modern development including railroads, industry, and banking.

Which of the following was part of communist feminist legislation?

A policy that fully incorporated women into the workforce

How did the new leader of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev characterize his predecessor Joseph Stalin in a speech to the party congress in 1956?

As a leader who committed crimes against fellow party members

What changed in China after Deng Xiaoping took control in 1976?

Mao was severely criticized for some of his policies.

From a communist perspective, which of the following is the best definition of socialism?

An intermediate stage on the way to a final goal of social equality and collective living

What impact did the civil war that raged from 1918 to 1921 have on the new communist regime in Russia?

It increased its authoritarian tendencies.

Which of the following was an outcome of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution?

Mao had to call the army out to restore order and to stop violence that threatened civil war.

What was the "third world" during the cold war?

Countries emerging from colonial rule

Which of the following best summarizes China's economic reforms since 1976?

Communist authorities have created an essentially capitalist economy.

Which country was the first to experience a successful communist revolution?

Russia

Which of the following statements best describes the establishment of communist rule in China?

It was a decades-long violent struggle.

What was the end result of Mao's two great campaigns, the "Great Leap Forward" and the "Cultural Revolution"?

They led to the death and ruin of tens of millions and the widespread discrediting of communism.

What distinguished the extension of communism into Asia as compared to Europe following World War II?

Asia was the scene of the most destructive and prolonged hot wars during the cold war.

Which of the following was an outcome of Gorbachev's reforms?

The collapse of the Soviet Union

What was Comintern?

The Comintern was an organization through which Soviet authorities sought to influence the policies and actions of other communist countries in Europe.

What impact did the civil war that raged from 1918 to 1921 have on Russian society?

Many lower-class men found opportunities for social mobility.

Which of the following was a result of urbanization in both China and the Soviet Union?

Exploitation of the countryside to provide resources for modern industry

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between communist states during the cold war?

The Soviet Union invaded both Hungary and Czechoslovakia.

Which of the following remains the most unreformed and repressive of the communist countries today?

North Korea

In the 1950s, an intense wave of fear of communists and their political repression in the United States was known as

McCarthyism.

How did the Chinese communist revolution differ from its Russian counterpart?

The Chinese Revolution was a much longer and more drawn-out struggle.

The ideas or Karl Marx were less well established in China than Russia at the opening of the twentieth century.

Why did communist regimes generate terror and violence on such a massive scale?

Perceived enemies came to include high-ranking members and long-term supporters of the Communist Party.

What political development in the United States is associated with the cold war?

The "imperial" presidency

Which of the following was a critical part of China's economic reform after 1976?

Managers of state-run factories were encouraged to act like private owners by seeking profits.

China sought to attract foreign capitalists with tax breaks.

In what kind of societies did a majority of successful communist revolutions in the twentieth century take place?

Largely agrarian societies

What was collectivization?

Communal farms created to replace family-owned enterprises

Which American president and Soviet leader negotiated a solution to the Cuban Missile Crisis?

John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev

Why has 1989 been dubbed a "miracle year"?

Popular movements toppled communist governments throughout Eastern Europe.

Which of the following best describes the communist world in the second half of the twentieth century?

Rivalry and hostility marked the communist world as much or more than solidarity and cooperation.

Which statement best describes the revolutionary strategy used by Chinese communists to seize power?

They focused on securing the support of China's rural population.

After World War II, Stalin installed communist governments in which of the following states?

Czechoslovakia

What was the Zhenotdel?

It was the name given to a special organization within the Communist Party that dealt with women's affairs.

Which of the following is true of the nuclear standoff during the cold war?

Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, both powers continued to expand their arsenals.

Which of the following best describes the political situation in the decade that followed the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917?

The Soviet Union was the only communist regime in the world.

How did collectivization of agriculture differ between the Soviet Union and China?

Collectivization was a more peaceful process in China than in the Soviet Union.

Which of the following best reflects the situation in Eastern Europe following World War II?

Local communist parties in Eastern Europe enjoyed some support after World War II because of their role in resisting the Nazis.

Which of the following reflected the limits of the feminist movements in the Soviet Union and China?

Women very rarely appeared in the top political leadership of either country.

Which of the following best statements describes the experience of third-world countries during the cold war?

Third-world countries had no single shared experience, with their individual circumstances running the spectrum from being the pawn of a superpower to actually benefiting from the rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union.

China's effort to develop rapidly and create a more truly communist society in the late 1950s was known as

the Great Leap Forward.

What distinguished the French Revolution from the Russian and Chinese revolutions?

Only the Russian and Chinese revolutions carried an explicit message of gender equality.

Which of the following was part of the Bolsheviks' message in 1917?

A quick end to Russia's participation in World War I

Which was a shared feature of the French, Russian, and Chinese revolutions?

All three dispossessed landed aristocracies.

Which of the following statements best reflects Soviet and Chinese industrialization during the twentieth century?

They experienced unprecedented economic growth through massive mobilization of their nations' human and material resources.

Which of the following was an important difference between the industrial histories of the Soviet Union and China?

Only the Soviets came to accept that industrialization and urbanization required that a new set of privileged elites emerge.

Which of the following statements best reflects the development of communist feminism?

It was a largely state-directed initiative.