Fundamentals of Nursing - Comprehensive Vocabulary Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering nursing theories, the nursing process, vital sign monitoring, procedural techniques, and laboratory diagnostics based on Fundamentals of Nursing lecture notes.

Nursing (ANA 2003 Definition)

The protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities and populations.

Florence Nightingale's Nursing Definition

The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.

Environmental Theory Factors

Five factors identified by Florence Nightingale: pure/fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light (direct sunlight).

Virginia Henderson's Nursing Goal

To assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.

Faye Glenn Abdellah's Model

Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing Model, which identifies 21 nursing problems.

Dorothy E. Johnson's Model

Behavioral System Model, which views each person as a behavioral system composed of 7 subsystems: Injective, Eliminative, Affiliative, Aggressive, Dependence, Achievement, and Sexual and role identity.

Imogene King's Theory

Goal Attainment Theory, which views nursing as an interaction process between patient and nurse that leads to goal attainment.

Madeleine Leininger's Model

Transcultural Nursing Model (Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory), emphasizing that human caring varies among cultures.

Myra Estrin Levine's Principles

Four Conservation Principles: conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity.

Betty Neuman's Model

Health Care System Model, focusing on individuals' responses to stressors: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extra personal.

Dorothea Orem's Theory

Self-care and Self-care deficit Nursing Theory, defining self-care as activities performed independently to promote well-being.

Hildegard Peplau's Model

Psychodynamic (interpersonal relations) Model, utilizing a therapeutic relationship between nurse and client through 4 phases: Orientation, Identification, Exploitation, and Resolution.

Martha Rogers' Science

Science of Unitary Human Being, viewing the person as an irreducible four-dimensional energy field greater than the sum of its parts.

Sister Callista Roy's Model

Adaptation Model, aiming to enhance life processes through four adaptive modes: Physiologic, Self-concept, Role-function, and Interdependence.

Lydia Hall's Model

Care, Core and Cure Model; where 'Care' is nurturance exclusive to nursing, 'Core' is the therapeutic use of self, and 'Cure' focuses on physician’s orders.

Ida Jean Orlando's Model

The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship Model, emphasizing client behavior, nurse reaction, and nurse action.

Jean Watson's Theory

Human Caring Theory, identifying 10 carative factors central to the practice of nursing.

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse's Theory

Human Becoming Theory, emphasizing how individuals choose and bear responsibility for patterns of personal health.

Nursing Assessment

Systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation, and documentation of data about the client's health status to establish a database.

PES Format

A three-part nursing diagnosis statement consisting of: Problem, Etiology, and Signs/Symptoms.

CSMART Criteria

Guidelines for the nursing planning process: Client-centered, Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound.

Formative Evaluation

Evaluation done during or immediately after an intervention to allow for on-the-spot modifications.

Summative (Terminal) Evaluation

Evaluation done at or immediately before discharge to determine if goals were met, partially met, or unmet.

Homeostasis (Walter Cannon's Concept)

The ability to maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium or stability, regulated by the negative feedback mechanism.

Leavell and Clark's Ecologic Model

States health and illness are affected by three interactive factors: Agent, Host, and Environment.

Primary Prevention

Measures to encourage optimal health and increase resistance to illness at a pre-pathologic state, such as immunizations and exercise.

Secondary Prevention

Health maintenance focused on early diagnosis, detection, and screening to limit disability, such as annual physicals or Pap smears.

Tertiary Prevention

Rehabilitative measures occurring after a disease or disability has occurred to halt progress and restore optimal health.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Hans Selye's model of the body’s response to stress, featuring the Alarm Reaction, Stage of Resistance, and Stage of Exhaustion.

Radiation

Transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without direct contact.

Pyrexia

A body temperature above the usual range, also known as hyperthermia or fever.

Hyperpyrexia

A very high fever of $41^{\circ}C$ ($105.8^{\circ}F$) and above.

Intermittent Fever

Body temperature that alternates at regular intervals between periods of fever and normal/subnormal temperatures.

Remittent Fever

A wide range of temperature fluctuations more than $2^{\circ}C$ over 24 hours, all of which remain above normal.

Tachycardia

An excessively fast heart rate measurement over $100\,\text{beats/min}$ in an adult.

Bradycardia

A heart rate in an adult that is less than $60\,\text{beats/min}$.

Dyspnea

Difficult and labored breathing.

Orthopnea

The ability to breathe only in an upright sitting or standing position.

Pulse Pressure

The numerical difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels.

Orthostatic Hypotension

A blood pressure drop that occurs when a client sits or stands up suddenly.

Referred Pain

Pain that radiates to areas of the body other than the source of the tissue damage.

Flatness (Percussion)

An extremely dull, soft sound produced over muscle or bone during physical examination.

Vesicular Breath Sounds

Soft-intensity, low-pitched, 'gentle sighing' sounds created by air moving through smaller airways like bronchioles and alveoli.

Vitiligo

Patches of hypo-pigmented skin caused by the destruction of melanocytes.

Stage I Pressure Ulcer

A lesion characterized by non-blanchable erythema of intact skin.

Stage IV Pressure Ulcer

Full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures.

Sublingual Administration

Placing drug under the tongue where it dissolves and is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream.

Intradermal Injection Angle

Needle insertion at a $10^{\circ}$ to $15^{\circ}$ angle just under the epidermis to form a wheal or bleb.

Infiltration (IV Complication)

A condition where the needle is out of the vein and fluids accumulate in the surrounding tissues, causing swelling, coldness, and pallor.

Nosocomial Infection

An infection associated with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility.

Medical Asepsis vs. Surgical Asepsis

Medical asepsis (clean technique) limits the number/growth of microorganisms, while surgical asepsis (sterile technique) destroys all microorganisms and spores.

Eupnea

Normal, quiet respiration at a rate of $12-20\,\text{breaths/min}$.

Hypoxemia

A condition referring specifically to reduced oxygen levels in the arterial blood.

Levin Tube

A flexible rubber or plastic single-lumen nasogastric tube with holes near the tip used for feeding or suctioning.

Polyuria

The production of abnormally large amounts of urine.

Oliguria

Low urine output, usually less than $500\,\text{ml/day}$ or $30\,\text{ml/hr}$ for an adult.

Residual Urine

The amount of urine retained in the bladder after a client's forceful voiding.

Rigor Mortis

The stiffening of the body occurring about $2$ to $4$ hours after death due to a lack of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Algor Mortis

The gradual decrease of the body's temperature after death until it reaches room temperature.

Livor Mortis

The red-blue discoloration of the body appearing in the lowermost or dependent areas after death.

Thoracentesis

The aspiration of fluid or air from the pleural space, typically performed with the patient sitting and leaning over a table.

Allen's Test

A clinical test performed before radial artery puncture to ensure the client has adequate collateral ulnar circulation.

Specific Gravity (Urinalysis)

A measure of the kidney's ability to concentrate solutes, with a normal range of $1.010 - 1.025$.

Creatinine Level

A serum test measuring the effectiveness of renal function, with a normal range of $0.6 - 1.2\,mg/dL$.

Steatorrhea

The presence of excessive fat in the stool, often assessed via a 72-hour fecal lipid collection.