BIOL 122 / EXAM 3/ Digestive System

GIVE TWO FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

INGESTION AND DIGESTION OF FOOD

___________ IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH FOOD UNDERGOES PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN INTO SMALLER DIFFUSABLE MOLECULES.

DIGESTION

THE TAKING OF FOODSTUFFS INTO THE BODY IS CALLED ____________

INGESTION

WHAT PROCESS DOES PHYSICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD CONSIST OF (IN THE MOUTH)?

CHEWING AND MASTICATION

WHAT PROCESS DOES CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD CONSIST OF?

HYDROLYSIS AND ENZYMATIC DIGESTION

WHAT IS DEGLUTITION?

SWALLOWING

DEFINE: PERISTALTIC MOVEMENTS.

WAVE-LIKE CIRCULAR CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE THAT PUSH FOOD THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

_______ ARE LOCAL CONSTRICTIONS OF AN ORGAN WALL IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT THAT SERVE MAINLY TO MIX FOODSTUFFS WITH DIGESTIVE JUICES AND INCREASE THE RATE OF ABSORPTION.

SEGMENTAL MOVEMENTS

THE PASSING THROUGH EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE LINING OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT AND DISTRIBUTION VIA THE BLOOD TO THE BODY’S CELLS OF THE END PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION IS KNOWN AS ________

ABSORPTION

____ IS THE ELIMINATION OF SOLID FECAL MATTER THROUGH THE ANUS

DEFECATION

NAME TWO ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS OR STRUCTURES.

PANCREAS AND GALLBLADDER

WHAT ANATOMICAL TERM IS USED SYNONYMOUSLY WITH ALIMENTARY CANAL?

GI TRACT

WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IN A CADAVER?

9 METERS

NAME ONE OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL TUNICS (LAYERS).

SUBMUCOSA AND MUCOSA

THE OUTERMOST COVERING OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IS CALLED _____________

SEROSA

OUTSIDE THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY, THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IS CALLED ______________.

ADVENTITIA

WHAT DOES THE ADVENTITIA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL CONSIST OF?

COURSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ADVENTITIA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL

ANCHORS ESOPHAGUS TO SURROUNDING TISSUE

WHAT DOES THE SEROSA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL CONSIST OF?

AREOLAR TISSUE AND MESOTHELIUM

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SEROSA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?

REDUCES FRICTION BETWEEN DIGESTIVE ORGANS

WHAT IS THE SEROSA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL ALSO KNOWN AS?

VISCERAL PERITONEUM

WHAT IS THE MUSCULARIS EXTERNA COMPOSED OF?

SMOOTH MUSCLE

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULARIS EXTERNA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?

REGULATES GI MOTILITY

WHAT IS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM INNERVATION PLEXUS THAT CONTROLS THE MUSCULARIS EXTERNA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?

MYENTERIC PLEXUS

WHAT IS THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE ALIMENTARY COMPOSED OF?

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS

GIVE ONE FUNCTION OF THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL.

ABSORB AND TRANSPORT NUTRIENTS

WHAT IS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM INNERVATION PLEXUS THAT CONTROLS THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?

SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS

THE INNERMOST TUNIC/ LAYER OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL IS CALLED THE ___________.

MUCOSA

ANOTHER NAME FOR THE MUCOSA LAYER OF THE GI TRACT IS _________________.

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

WHAT IS ONE FUNCTION OF THE MUCOSA LAYER OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?

ABSORB NUTRIENTS

NAME ONE OF THE PARTS THAT CONSTITUTE THE MUCOSA LAYER OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL.

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA

THE TINY LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE FOUND IN THE MUCOSA LAYER IS CALLED _____________

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA

__________ IS THE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE UPON WHICH THE EPITHELIAL LAYER OF MUCOSA RESTS.

LAMINA PROPRIA

THE DOUBLE-LAYERED SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT COVERS THE STOMACH, INTESTINES, AND OTHER ABDOMINAL ORGANS IS CALLED THE ___________

PERITONEUM

WHICH LAYER OF PERITONEUM ATTACHES TO THE ABDOMINAL ORGANS?

VISCERAL PERITONEUM

WHICH LAYER OF PERITONEUM ATTACHES TO THE ABDOMINAL WALL?

PARIETAL PERITONEUM

WHAT BODY FLUID CAVITY HOUSES THE ABDOMINAL ORGANS?

PERITONEAL CAVITY

NAME ONE STRUCTURE FOUND INSIDE THE ORAL CAVITY.

TONGUE AND TEETH

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE LIPS/ LABIA?

GUARDS ORAL CAVITY

WHAT FORMS THE LATERAL WALLS OF THE ORAL CAVITY?

CHEEKS

THE SPACE BETWEEN THE LIPS, THE CHEEKS, AND THE TEETH IS CALLED THE _________

ORAL VESTIBULE

WHAT STRUCTURES FORM THE ORAL CAVITY ROOF?

HARD AND SOFT PALATES

WHAT OCCUPIES THE FLOOR OF THE ORAL CAVITY? (STRUCTURE)

TONGUE

NAME THE MUSCLE THAT SUPPORTS THE TONGUE.

MYLOHYOID

NAME ONE STRUCTURE TO WHICH THE TONGUE IS ATTACHED

LINGUAL FRENULUM

A MEMBRANE CALLED THE ___________ SECURES THE INFERIOR MIDLINE OF THE TONGUE TO THE FLOOR OF THE ORAL CAVITY

LINGUAL FRENULUM

THE AREA THAT LIES WITHIN THE TEETH AND GUMS IS CALLED THE ___________________

ORAL CAVITY PROPER

WHAT IS THE FINGER-LIKE PROJECTION OF THE SOFT PALATE THAT EXTENDS INFERIORLY AT THE POSTERIOR MARGIN OF THE ORAL CAVITY?

UVULA

ON EACH END OF THE MOUTH AT ITS POSTERIOR ARE FOUND MASSES OF LYMPHOID TISSUE CALLED THE ____________________

PALATINE TONSILS

THE PALATINE TONSILS ARE FOUND IN A CONCAVE AREA BOUNDED ANTERIORLY / POSTERIORLY BY WHAT MEMBRANE (NAME ONLY ONE)?

PALATOPHARYNGEAL ARCH

A MASS OF LYMPHOID TISSUE, THE _______________, COVERS THE BASE OF THE TONGUE, POSTERIOR TO THE ORAL CAVITY PROPER.

LINGUAL TONSIL

THE INFLAMMATION AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE PALATINE TONSILS IS CALLED ______________.

TONSILLITIS

DENTITION IS DESCRIBED BY MEANS OF A _____________, WHICH DESIGNATES THE NUMBERS, TYPES, AND POSITION OF THE TEETH ON ONE SIDE OF THE JAW.

DENTAL FORMULA

THE INITIAL SET OF TEETH CALLED ___________ NORMALLY APPEAR BETWEEN AGES 6 MONTHS AND 2 ½ YEARS.

DECIDUOUS TEETH

AFTER 6 YEARS OF AGE, THE _______________ BEGIN TO GROW AND REPLACE DECIDUOUS TEETH.

PERMANENT TEETH

THE FINAL SET OF TEETH THAT MAY OR MAY NOT ERUPT ARE CALLED ______________

Wisdom teeth (third molars).

HOW MANY DECIDUOUS TEETH ARE FOUND IN HUMANS/ CHILDREN?

20

WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF PERMANENT TEETH THAT MAY BE FOUND IN HUMANS/ ADULTS?

32

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE INCISORS?

BITING FOOD

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CANINES?

TEARING FOOD

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PREMOLARS?

CHEWING FOOD

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MOLARS?

CHEWING FOOD

NAME THE TWO MAJOR REGIONS OF THE TOOTH.

CROWN AND ROOT

THE PORTION OF THE TOOTH EMBEDDED IN THE ALVEOLAR PORTION OF THE JAW IS CALLED THE _____________

ROOT

THE PORTION OF THE CROWN VISIBLE ABOVE THE GINGIVA/ GUMS IS CALLED THE ________

CLINICAL CROWN

THE ENTIRE PORTION OF THE CROWN COVERED IN ENAMEL IS CALELD THE _________________

ANATOMICAL CROWN

WHAT IS THE CROWN COVERED BY?

ENAMEL

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE/ LAYER/ SUBSTANCE BETWEEN THE ANATOMICAL AND CLINICAL CROWN CALLED?

GINGIVA

THE CREVICE BETWEEN THE END OF THE ANATOMICAL CROWN AND THE UPPER MARGIN OF THE GINGIVA IS REFERRED TO AS THE ________

GINGIVAL SULCUS

THE APICAL BORDER OF THE GINGIVAL SULCUS IS CALLED THE ____________

GINGIVAL MARGIN

THE SLIGHT CONSTRICTION WHERE THE ROOT AND THE CROWN ARE CONNECTED IS CALLED THE ______

NECK

THE OUTERMOST SURFACE OF THE ROOT IS COVERED BY ___________

CEMENTUM

__________ COMPRISES THE BULK OF THE TOOTH, AND IS A BONE-LIKE MATERIAL FOUND MEDIAL TO ENAMEL AND CEMENTUM.

DENTIN

NAME THE CAVITY THAT OCCUPIES THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE TOOTH.

PULP CAVITY

______ IS CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT IS LIBERALLY SUPPLIED WITH BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, AND LYMPHATICS; OCCUPIES THE TOOTH CAVITY; PROVIDES SENSATION; AND SUPPLIES NUTRIENTS TO THE TOOTH TISSUES.

PULP

______ ARE SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT RESIDE IN THE OUTER MARGINS OF THE PULP CAVITY AND PRODUCE DENTIN.

ODONTOBLASTS

THE PULP CAVITY EXTENDS TO THE DISTAL PORTIONS OF THE ROOT AND BECOMES THE _____

ROOT CANAL

THE _____________ HOLD THE TEETH IN THE ALVEOLAR SOCKET AND EXERT A CUSHIONING EFFECT

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS

AN OPENING AT THE ROOT APEX, THE _____________, PROVIDES A ROUTE OF ENTRY INTO THE TEETH FOR BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, AND OTHER STRUCTURES FROM THE TISSUES BENEATH.

APICAL FORAMEN

NAME ONE SALIVARY GLAND

PAROTID GLAND

WHAT DO SALIVARY GLANDS PRODUCE?

SALIVA

WHAT IS ONE OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF SALIVA?

WHAT IS ONE OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF SALIVA?

H2O and MUCIN

GIVE ONE FUNCTION OF SALIVA

Lubricates and softens food

SALIVA CONSISTS PRIMARILY OF ___________ (A VISCOUS GLYCOPROTEIN), WHICH MOISTENS THE FOOD AND HELPS BIND IT TOGETHER.

MUCIN

THE ____________ GLAND SALIVARY SECRETION IS MOSTLY SEROUS.

PAROTID GLAND

THE _________________ GLAND IS A MIXED GLAND THAT PRODUCES BOTH MUCIN AND SEROUS COMPONENTS OF SALIVA

SUBMANDIBULAR

THE ______________ GLAND PRODUCES MOSTLY MUCIN

SUBLINGUAL

______________ BEGINS THE DIGESTION OF STARCH (A LARGE POLYSACCHARIDE), BREAKING IT DOWN INTO DISACCHARIDES AND GLUCOSE IN THE ORAL CAVITY.

SALIVARY AMYLASE

SALIVA TURNS FOOD THAT IS MASTICATED AND MOISTENED IN THE MOUTH INTO A MASS CALLED A _____________.

BOLUS

THE ________ PHASE OF DEGLUTITION IS VOLUNTARY AND INITIATED BY THE TONGUE.

ORAL

THE _________ PHASE OF DEGLUTITION IS INVOLUNARY AND INVOLVES PUSHING THE FOOD BOLUS FROM THE PHARYNX THROUGH THE UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER INTO THE ESOPHAGUS.

PHARYNGEAL

THE _________ PHASE OF DEGLUTITION IS INVOLUNARY; VIA PERISTALTIC MOTION, SWALLOWED CONTENTS ARE DELIVERED DOWN THE PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS TO THE STOMACH.

ESOPHAGEAL

WHAT IS THE ANATOMICAL NAME FOR THE THROAT?

PHARYNX

GIVE ONE OF THE THREE REGIONS THE PHARYNX IS DIVIDED INTO.

OROPHARYNX

WHAT IS THE ANATOMICAL TERM FOR THE GULLET?

ESOPHAGUS

HOW LONG IS THE ESOPHAGUS IN HUMANS (LIVING)?

25 – 30 cm

THE __________ IS A SLIGHT THICKENING OF THE SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER AT THE ESOPHAGUS-STOMACH JUNCTION THAT CONTROLS FOOD PASSAGE INTO THE STOMACH.

CARDIAC SPHINCTER

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE STOMACH?

STORE FOOD

NAME THE CONCAVE MEDIAL AND CONVEX LATERAL SURFACES OF THE STOMACH (NAME BOTH).

GREATER and LESSER CURVATURES