Immigration to Civil Rights Era Review

This flashcard set provides a comprehensive review of United States history from the late 19th-century immigration wave through the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.

What countries did most immigrants come from before $1880$?

Northern or Western Europe

Between which years did approximately $25$ million new immigrants arrive?

Between $1880$ and $1924$

Approximately how many new immigrants arrived in the United States between $1880$ and $1924$?

$25$ million

Name three Southern European countries immigrants came from during the late $1800\text{s}$.

Italy, Hungary, and Greece

Name two Eastern European countries immigrants came from during the late $1800\text{s}$.

Russia and Poland

What were two primary reasons immigrants came to the United States?

Looking for jobs and escaping persecution

What did most immigrants find in greater abundance in the United States?

Political freedom

Name the immigration station located in New York Harbor.

Ellis Island

Name the immigration station located in San Francisco Bay.

Angel Island

What did government officials inquire about when immigrants arrived?

The immigrants' plans

Why were immigrants checked by government officials upon arrival?

To check for diseases

Where did many immigrants from China arrive in the United States?

The West Coast

How did the prejudice faced by Asian immigrants compare to that of European immigrants?

Asian immigrants faced more prejudice

What was the negative outcome for many Chinese immigrants at immigration stations?

They were turned away and sent back to China

In which areas did immigrants often settle?

Large cities

With whom did immigrants typically live in their neighborhoods?

Family or friends who belonged to their ethnic group

What type of crowded apartment buildings did many immigrants live in?

Tenements

What was a common characteristic of the factories where immigrants worked?

They were dangerous

Why did businesses hire immigrants for factory work?

They worked many hours and were only paid a little

What was a major concern for some Americans regarding immigrants?

That immigrants would take their jobs

What did some Americans want immigrants to stop doing?

Speaking other languages or following different customs

In which years did Congress pass laws to limit the number of immigrants?

$1921$ and $1924$

Name three ways immigrants helped the United States grow as a country.

Built railroads, dug mines, and worked in factories

What is the late $1800\text{s}$ time period of innovation called?

The Gilded Age

Who invented the telephone?

Alexander Graham Bell

How did the telephone change people's lives?

People in different places could talk to each other

Who invented the light bulb?

Thomas Edison

How did electric lights affect city life?

They kept streets bright at night

How did light bulbs benefit factories and shops?

They could stay open longer

What two things helped businesses grow during the late $1800\text{s}$?

New machines and technologies

Who used a new invention to start a massive steel company?

Andrew Carnegie

What was the name of the company started by John D. Rockefeller?

Standard Oil

Success and growth turned Standard Oil into what type of business structure?

A corporation

What tactic did Standard Oil use to get rid of competition?

Buying small companies

What term describes Standard Oil's control of $90$ percent of the oil industry?

A monopoly

What percentage of America’s oil was owned by Standard Oil at its peak?

$90$ percent

How did a lack of competition affect consumers?

They had fewer choices

What were two potential downsides for consumers in a monopoly?

Poor service or higher prices

To what type of institutions did Carnegie and Rockefeller give millions of dollars?

Schools, libraries, churches, and hospitals

What was the primary role of factory workers in the late $1800\text{s}$?

To run machines

What were two negative aspects of factory work?

It was boring and dangerous

How many hours a day did factory workers often work?

$10$ or $12$ hours

Why were children sent to work in factories?

Families needed more money to survive

What organizations did factory workers form to gain more power?

Labor unions

What was the primary goal of labor unions?

To change businesses and working conditions

Name four specific improvements labor unions wanted.

Safer work, an eight-hour day, better pay, and no child labor

What tactic did unions use to try to force change?

Strikes

What was the status of child labor in factories in the early $1900\text{s}$?

It was common and unsafe

What environmental issue plagued cities in the early $1900\text{s}$?

Factories polluted the air and water

What was the goal of the Progressive Movement?

To make factories and cities safer

Progressives fought for laws to end what practice involving children?

Child labor

What was Upton Sinclair's role in the Progressive Era?

He was a muckraker

What industrial danger did Upton Sinclair's book expose?

The dangers of meat factories

In what year did Congress pass the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act?

$$1906$$

What did the Pure Food and Drug Act stop factories from doing?

Using harmful chemicals in food

What was the requirement for factories under the Meat Inspection Act?

They had to be cleaner and safer

Which President was known for protecting the environment?

President Theodore Roosevelt

What did President Theodore Roosevelt save for national parks and wilderness?

Land

In what year did Congress pass the Nineteenth Amendment?

$$1920$$

What right did the Nineteenth Amendment grant?

It gave women suffrage

What does the term 'suffrage' mean?

The right to vote

What obstacles did African Americans face when seeking jobs or housing in the early $1900\text{s}$?

Prejudice

What right did some states deny to African Americans in the early $1900\text{s}$?

The right to vote

What practice forced African American children to attend different schools?

Segregation (enforced by laws)

Who wrote about African American life to help people see why laws should change?

W.E.B. Du Bois

Who started a school to educate African Americans?

Booker T. Washington

What does the acronym NAACP stand for?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

In what year was the NAACP founded?

$$1909$$

What was the primary goal of the NAACP?

Equality and fair treatment for African Americans

What was the Great Migration?

The movement of $1.5$ million African Americans to northern cities

Between which years did the Great Migration occur?

Between $1910$ and $1930$

Approximately how many African Americans moved during the Great Migration?

$1.5$ million

What were two reasons African Americans moved to northern cities?

To find better lives and jobs in factories and businesses

What colony did Russia offer to sell to the United States in $1867$?

Alaska

Who was the Secretary of State who convinced Congress to buy Alaska?

William Seward

What was the initial American reaction to the purchase of Alaska?

They thought it was foolish

What discovery in $1896$ changed people's minds about Alaska?

Gold

What crops did Americans grow on large plantations in Hawaii?

Pineapple and sugar cane

By the late $1800\text{s}$, who owned most of the land and businesses in Hawaii?

Americans

Who was the Hawaiian leader that wanted her people to have their land back?

Queen Liliuokalani

What happened to Queen Liliuokalani?

Americans in Hawaii revolted against her

In what year did Hawaii become a territory of the United States?

$$1898$$

What term refers to the policy of the United States expanding its territory?

Imperialism

Which four colonies did Spain control in the $1890\text{s}$?

Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

What event occurred in Cuba in $1895$?

Cubans revolted against Spain

How did newspapers influence American views on Spain's treatment of Cuba?

By writing shocking stories (that were not all true)

What ship blew up in Cuba in $1898$, leading to war?

USS Maine

Who led the volunteer group called the Rough Riders?

Theodore Roosevelt

Who were the Buffalo Soldiers?

African American soldiers

What battle did the Rough Riders and Buffalo Soldiers win together?

The battle of San Juan Hill

What did the U.S. Navy destroy in Cuba during the Spanish-American War?

Spanish ships

Which three territories did Spain give to the United States after the war?

Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam

Which President helped Panama gain its independence to build a canal?

Theodore Roosevelt

Name the nation that Panama was originally a part of.

Colombia

How many years did it take to build the Panama Canal?

$10$ years

In what year did the Panama Canal open?

$$1914$$

What were two benefits of the Panama Canal?

Increased trade and faster shipping between the coasts

What feeling was strong in Europe in the early $1900\text{s}$?

Nationalism

Name four European nations that wanted to be world powers in the early $1900\text{s}$?

Britain, France, Germany, and Italy

Which three nations formed the original alliance known as the Allies?

Britain, France, and Russia