Spanish 102 Week 13 Relative Pronoun Que, and Formal & Informal Commands

Define the relative pronoun “que”

Is used to give additional information about a noun.

La señora vive en esa casa=The woman lives in that house

La señora que trabaja en el banco vive en esa casa

The woman who works at the bank lives in that house

Que refers to what?

Can be used to refer to people (that, who)

Quien refers to what?

Can be used to refer to people (who) (only when preceded by a preposition: con, a, de -OR- when preceded by a comma -OR- when it functions as an indirect object)

Example of que being used

Es una mujer que tiene muchos amigos.

Examples of quien being used

Es la mujer con quien yo bailaba

-OR-

when preceded by a comma

Sr. Smith, quien es el profesor de arte, es muy amable.

-OR-

when it functions as an indirect object

Es la mujer a quien yo le di el regalo.

Que and quien carry what?

Written accents

The accents in que and quien are used when?

When used in interrogative sentences:

?Con quie’n sales ahora?

When used in exclamatory sentences:

!Que’ mujer tan interesante!

Lo que refers to what?

Translates to what …or the thing that… and refers to an idea or concept

Lo que me gusta de la clase es la cultura.

The additional information (here, que trabaja en el banco) is called

A relative clause (una cla’usula relativa) The relative pronoun que introduces the relative clause.

What is the relative que equivalent to in English?

That, which, or who

If the relative clause has an expressed subject, where does the subject appear?

Either before or after the verb. El libro que Ana leyo’ es muy bueno. El libro que leyo’ Ana es muy bueno.

In this case, Ana may appear either before or after the verb leyo’ and the basic meaning is the same.

What does the command form of the verb (el mandato) mean?

It expresses what you want another person to do. Commands are used to give advice, offer invitations, and to give orders. Los mandatos informales (informal commands) are used to address the person you’re speaking to as tu’.

Informal commands of pensar, aprender, pedir

POSITIVE: piensa, aprenda, pide

This form is exactly the same as the third person singular of the present tense (el, ella, usted)

Positive commands mean what?

They invite the other person to do something

Negative commands mean what?

When you want the other person not to do something

Positive informal commands of hablar, comer, escribir

Habla, come, escribe

Negative informal commands of hablar, comer, escribir

no hables, no comas, no escribas

Verbs with stem changes in the present tense do what in the negative informal command form?

e → ie pensar —→ piensas —→ no pienses

o → ue dormir → duermes → no duermas
e → i pedir → pides → no pidas

Verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar have a
spelling change in negative informal commands to
preserve the -c-, -g-, and -z- sounds.

c → qu buscar → no busques
g → gu pagar (to pay) → no pagues
z → c empezar → no empieces

Some common irregular verbs have a special positive informal command form

Verb Positive Command Example

decir di Di «por favor». Say “please.”
hacer haz ¡Haz la tarea! Do your homework!
ir ve Ve a la biblioteca. Go to the library.
poner pon Pon los libros aquí. Put the books here.
salir sal ¡Sal a la calle! Go out on the street!
ser sé Sé buen niño. Be a good boy.
tener ten Ten esto. Have (Take) this.
venir ven Ven a mi casa. Come to my house.

Many of these positive command forms are easy to remember because…

They are simply the stem of the infinitive without any ending (-ar, -er, or -ir)

haz (hacer), pon (poner), ten (tener), ven (venir), sal (salir)

Ve is the positive command form of what?

Both ir and the verb ver

Ve a tu casa. Go to your house.

Ve la direccio’n de esa casa. Look at/ see the address of that house.

Verbs that use a -g- in the stem of the yo form in the present tense, such as decir (digo) and hacer (hago) use what?

They use this same stem with a -g- in the negative informal command.

Verb Negative informal command Example

decir no digas No digas nada. Don’t say anything.
hacer no hagas No hagas eso. Don’t do that.
poner no pongas No pongas los pies allí. Don’t put your feet there.
salir no salgas No salgas a la calle. Don’t go out on the street.
tener no tengas No tengas miedo. Don’t be afraid (lit., have fear).
venir no vengas No vengas tan temprano. Don’t come so early.

All of these are -er and -ir verbs, so they all take the ending
with the “opposite” vowel (-as).

What do the verbs ir, ser, and ver have?

Irregular forms when they are negative informal commands

Ex:

Verbs Negative informal command Example

ir no vayas No vayas a la playa. Don’t go to the beach.
ser no seas No seas así. Don’t be like that.
ver no veas No veas la película. Don’t watch the movie.

Object pronouns are attached to what of positive commands?

The end of a positive command and written as a single word together with the verb. After the object pronouns are attached, a written accent mark is added if needed in order to keep the stress on the original stressed syllable.

Hazlo! Do it!

Levantate! Get up!

Object pronouns are placed where of negative commands?

Written before the verb.

No lo hagas! Don’t do it!

No te levantes! Don’t get up!

Formal commands are used with what?

People you address as usted or ustedes. The form of the verb is the same for both positive and negative formal commands (compre usted, no compre usted).

Formal commands for usar, comer, and oprimir (positive and negative)

(no) use, (no) coma, (no) oprima

Formal commands consist of the verb stem plus what?

The “opposite” vowel, that is -ar verbs use the -e ending, and -er and -ir verbs use the present (e—> ie, o —> ue, e—> i) also have this change in the formal command. Verbs that use a stem with -g- in the yo form of the present tense, such as poner (pongo), use the same stem here (ponga).

The commands from Para empezar in their infinitive forms

-ar VERBS usar indicar conectar comprar
-er VERBS poner
-ir VERBS oprimir

As with negative informal commands, the verbs ir, ser,
and ver have special forms: vaya, sea, and vea.

When addressing a group of people as ustedes, the command form of the verb is just like what?

The usted command form except that -n- is added to the end.

Formal commands in ustedes form for usar, comer, oprimir:

Positive (and negative): (no) usen, (no) coman, (no) opriman

The placement of object pronouns with formal commands changes depending on what?

Whether the formal command is positive or negative.

Positive formal (usted/ustedes): after and attached to the verb = co’mprela

Negative formal (usted/ustedes): before the verb = no lo use