Child Development Week 12.1 Language

What is language?

A system for expressing thoughts and feelings using symbols (e.g., speech).

How is language different from communication?

Language is uniquely human and includes creativity, flexibility, and infinite combinations.

What two things are required for language development?

Human brain + environment.

What does the brain contribute to language?

Specialized neural systems for speech perception.

What is categorical perception?

Ability to distinguish speech sounds begins from birth (e.g., “b” vs “p”).

What did Noam Chomsky Theory of Universal grammar propose?

We have a “language acquisition device” (LAD) and We have innate knowledge of grammar.

What is the critical vs sensitive period?

• Critical: no input → no development

• Sensitive: development still possible but harder

What is infant-directed speech?

High-pitched, slow, exaggerated speech that helps learning.

What is perceptual narrowing?

Loss of ability to distinguish non-native sounds (~10 months).

What is word segmentation?

The process of discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech (7–9 months).

What is statistical learning?

Detecting patterns in language input.

Key finding from Patricia Kuhl exposure to second language study?

Social (in-person) exposure helps babies learn new language sounds; audio/video alone does not.

When do infants start producing sounds?

Around 6–8 weeks.

Early communication skills before speech?

Turn-taking and pointing.

Benefits of bilingualism?

Better Theory of Mind and executive function.

When do babies discriminate all language sounds?

Before ~9–10 months.