Cardiovascular System & Digestive System

what kind of muscle makes up the heart?

cardiac

how many chambers is the heart split into?

4

the upper chambers of the heart are called _______ and the lower chambers are called _______

atria; ventricles

_______ control the flow of blood into and out of the chambers of the heart

one-way valves

_______ are vessels that carry blood away from the heart and toward other body parts

arteries

_______ are vessels that carry blood toward the heart and away from other body parts

veins

_______ is involuntary muscle found in the heart

cardiac muscle

the cardiovascular system performs the vital functions of _______, _______, and _______

transporting nutrients, hormones, and wastes

a(n) _______ is a chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body

hormone

_______ are groups of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs

tissues

the _______ system of the heart transports blood and hormones

closed, double-loop

what are the two parts of the closed, double-system?

pulmonary and systemic

the _______ loop carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where it is oxygenated and returned to the left ventricle

pulmonary

the _______ loop carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

systemic

what are the two cycles of contractions that the heart undergoes called?

systole and diastole

_______ indicates contraction of heart muscles, and _______ indicates relaxation of heart muscles

systole; diastole

_______ have thick walls to withstand the pressure of blood pumped by the heart, whereas _______ have walls with a thinner muscle layer and larger lumen

arteries; veins

_______ contains nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins

blood plasma

_______ is a clear pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body

plasma

_______ contain hemoglobin, transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, and transport some of the carbon dioxide back to the lungs for removal

red blood cells

_______ is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

hemoglobin

_______ maintain the proper pH of the body

buffers

white blood cells are divided into two main lineages: _______ and _______

granulocytes and agranulocytes

_______ consist of basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

granulocytes

_______ consist of monocytes and lymphocytes

agranulocytes

_______ defend against pathogens

white blood cells

_______ are responsible for clotting

platelets

_______ are a category of white blood cells that includes natural killer cells, B-cells, helper T-cells, and cytotoxic T-cells

lymphocytes

_______ is a clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease

lymph

a(n) _______ is a large white blood cell that ingests foreign material

macrophage

_______ are white blood cells that protect the body against disease

leukocytes

which of the following lists the primary parts of the heart?

a) blood cells

b) muscle tissue split into two chambers

c) muscle tissue split into four chambers

d) four ventricles

c) muscle tissue split into four chambers

which of the following blood components is responsible for transporting oxygen?

a) red blood cells

b) plasma

c) dissolved gases

d) leukocytes

a) red blood cells

which of the following chambers pumps blood toward the lungs?

a) left atrium

b) right atrium

c) left ventricle

d) right ventricle

d) right ventricle

which of the following statements best describes the function of veins?

a) veins carry deoxygenated blood

b) veins carry oxygenated blood

c) veins carry blood back to the heart

d) veins carry blood away from the heart

c) veins carry blood back to the heart

where does the digestive system begin?

the mouth

the _______ is the oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal

mouth

the _______ is the opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled

anus

what is the primary function of the digestive system?

to break down food for absorption and distribution of nutrients to the rest of the body

a(n) _______ is an organ that secretes a substance

gland

_______ is the breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption

chemical (enzymatic) digestion

the smooth muscle involved in mechanical digestion of movement of food through the digestive system is controlled by the _______

parasympathetic nervous system

_______ is muscle that can be found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestines

smooth muscle

_______ located along the stomach and small and large intestines absorb digested nutrients

blood vessels

the _______ is comprised of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal and is where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination

large intestine

undigested food is stored in the _______ for elimination

rectum

a(n) _______ is a substance produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst

enzyme

where does mechanical digestion begin?

the mouth

_______ is any physical breakdown of food

mechanical digestion

_______ lubricates food and provides the enzymes amylase and lipase to initiate chemical digestion of starch and lipids, respectively

mucus in saliva

_______ is the clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit

saliva

_______ is the pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fat

lipase

_______ are fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water

lipids

_______ is the process where enzymes break down food particles into simple chemicals that can be used by the body

chemical digestion

food is packaged into small parcels called a _______ and swallowed (deglutition)

bolus

a(n) _______ is a mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed

bolus

the _______ closes the tracheal opening so that food does not enter the respiratory system, and then the food passes into the esophagus

epiglottis

_______ is a series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

peristalsis

the _______ prevents reflux of food back into the esophagus

esophageal (cardiac) sphincter