Biology - Mash-Up for Yr 8 EoYs

Microorganism

A very small living thing

Unicellular

Only containing one cell

Pathogen

Any microorganism that can cause disease

Types of Microorganisms

• Bacteria

• Viruses

• Protists

• Fungi

Modes of Transmission

• Animal Transfer

• Indirect Contact

• Direct Contact

• Waterborne

• Airborne

Methods of protection against pathogens

• Hygiene

• Vaccinations

• Isolation

• Killing vectors

Vector

A animal that can transmit disease

Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration in food and drink products in yeast

Word Equation for Fermentation

Glucose —> Carbon Dioxide + Ethanol (+ energy)

Example of disease of bacteria

Colera

Example of disease of viruses

COVID-19

Example of disease of fungi

Warts/Verucas

Example of disease of protists

Malaria

Circulatory system

The combination of the heart, blood vessels and blood, forming a system that allows oxygen to be transported around the body.

Blood

Red liquid made up of different components which carries substances around our body.

Red Blood Cells

A component of the blood which is the main source of transportation, particularly oxygen, which bounds to the haemoglobin.

Red Blood Cell adaptations

• a biconcave disc shape (which increase the surface area for diffusion)

• no nucleus (allowing more space for haemoglobin)

• a very small size (enough to fit through capillaries.)

White Blood Cells

A component of the blood which supports our immune system. They fight off pathogens (bacteria/viruses).

Platelets

Small fragments of cells in the blood which help clot blood, forming a scab. This prevents blood loss and the entry of microorganisms.

White Blood cell types

• Phagocytes: Engulf and digest pathogens

• Lymphocytes: They produce antibodies which attach to pathogens

Plasma

The straw-coloured fluid in the blood, which transports dissolved substances in the blood

Heart

An organ which is required to pump blood around the body

Right Atrium

The chamber in the heart where deoxygenated blood enters from (from the rest of the body)

Right Ventricle

The chamber where blood enters from the Right Atrium and is pumped to the lungs

Left Atrium

The chamber in the heart where oxygenated blood enters from the lungs

Left Ventricle

The chamber in the heart where blood enters from the Left Atrium and is pumped to the rest of the body

Septum

A wall of tissue that separates the left and right sides of the heart

Blood vessels

Tubes through which blood travels through around the body.

Arteries

Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart

Artery features

• A thick muscular wall to withstand blood under high pressure

• Elastic fibres which allow them to expand with each pulsation

• A narrow lumen which maintain high pressure of the blood inside them

• No valves

Veins

Blood vessels which carry blood back towards the heart

Vein features

• A thin wall since blood is at a lower pressure

• A wide lumen to help blood flow despite the low pressure

• Valves to prevent backflow of blood

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels in the body, connecting arteries to veins, allowing the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products

Capillary features

• Very thin walls to reduce diffusion distance for substances

• Their walls are permeable, meaning substances can easily diffuse across

• A very small and narrow lumen to be able to reach every cell in the human body

• They are in close proximity to all cells to exchange substances.

Vena Cava

A special vein which carries deoxygenated blood to the Right Atrium

Pulmonary artery

A special artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the Right Ventricle to the lungs

Pulmonary vein

A special vein which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the Left Atrium

Aorta

A special artery which carries oxygenated blood from the Left Ventricle to the rest of the body

Photosynthesis

The process of plants using light energy, CO2 and water to make glucose for themselves (in order to respire)

chloroplasts

a green organelle in a plant cell required for photosynthesis

chlorophyll

The key green pigment inside chloroplasts which allow photosynthesis

waxy cuticle

A thin oily layer on the upper surface of the leaf which prevents water loss during evaporation

Upper and lower epidermises

Protective layers that aid the waxy cuticle in order to prevent water loss.

Palisade Mesophyll

A thick layer packed full of chloroplasts where photosynthesis is carried out

Spongy Mesophyll

A layer containing multiple air spaces, where gas exchange occurs (between the air and the cells

Vascular Bundle

A vessel which carries substances to and from the leaf (like water)

Stomata

Tiny pores at the underside of a leaf which allows gases to enter and exit it

Guard cells

Cells surrounding the stomata to open and close them

Starch

A stored form of glucose preserved for when photosynthesis is unavailable

Iodine solution

A solution commonly used to test for the presence of starch, turning blue-black in color.

orange-brown —-> blue-black

Indicates a color change when iodine solution is applied to starch.

Cellular respiration

The process by which cells release energy from glucose

Aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen to produce energy

Anaerobic respiration

Respiration that occurs without oxygen

Glucose

A simple sugar used as the main fuel in cellular respiration

Oxygen

A gas needed for aerobic respiration

Carbon dioxide

A waste gas produced during respiration and exhaled from the lungs

Water

A byproduct of aerobic respiration

Energy

The usable power released from glucose during respiration

Mitochondria

The organelle where aerobic respiration takes place

Lactic acid

A product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like filler substance in a cell

Respiratory system

The system of organs involved in breathing and gas exchange

Lungs

Organs where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Bronchi

Tubes that branch from the trachea into each lung

Bronchioles

Smaller branches of the bronchi that lead to alveoli

Trachea

The windpipe that carries air to the lungs

Diaphragm

A muscle that contracts and relaxes to help with breathing

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that surround alveoli for gas exchange

Gas exchange

The swapping of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood

Inhalation

The act of breathing in air

Exhalation

The act of breathing out air

Diffusion

The movement of gases from high to low concentration during gas exchange

Red blood cells

Cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body

Oxygen debt

The extra oxygen needed after exercise to break down lactic acid

Breathing

The physical process of moving air in and out of the lungs

Nasal cavity

The space behind the nose that warms and filters air

Cilia

Tiny hairs that move mucus out of the lungs

Mucus

A sticky substance that traps dust and microbes in the airways

Rib cage

The bones that protect the lungs and assist in breathing

Intercostal muscles

Muscles between the ribs that help expand and contract the chest during breathing

Word Equation for Aerobic Respiration

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ energy)

Word Equation for Anaerobic Respiration

Glucose —> Lactic Acid (+ energy)

Word Equation for Photosythesis

Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ light energy + chlorophyll) —> Glucose + Oxygen

Balanced Symbol Equation for Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O —> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂