Comprehensive Clinical Final Review

Which of the following terms is given to describe the path of the central ray as it enters and exits the body?*

projection*

In which body habitus does the stomach take on the highest, most horizontal position?

Hypersthenic

Which body habitus can approximately 50% of patients be categorized?

Sthenic

The mid-sagittal plane divides the body into what?

Equal right and left halves

The structural term for a freely movable joint is:

Synovial

The hand is _______________ to the shoulder.

Distal

The knee is ________________ to the foot.

Proximal

You are giving a patient instructions for a 2 view (PA & Lat.) chest exam and you notice their chest is extremely slender. In which body habitus category does this patient most like fall?

Asthenic

How would you describe a patient in the LPO position?

The patient's left posterior side is closest to the Table or Upright Bucky

When a radiographic procedure is performed with the patient lying down and using a horizontal x-ray beam, the position is described as _________.

Decubitus

A patient is positioned with their right scapula and buttock touching the upright Bucky with the left scapula and buttock about 8-10 inches away from the upright Bucky. What patient position does this describe? >

Right Posterior Oblique >

In radiographic terminology what does the positioning term dorsal decubitus mean?

The patient is positioned supine on the table and the central ray is horizontal and parallel to the floor

The patient is standing at the upright bucky with their ventral side closest to the IR. Describe the projection of the CR.

PA

closest to the point of orgin

proximal

toward the median plane or middle

medial

lower in the place or position

inferior

movement toward the midline

adduction

away from the median plane or middle

lateral

movement away from the midline

abduction

laying face up

supine

head lower than feet

trendelenburg

path of the beam

projection

lying face down

prone

head higher than feet*

fowlers*

How many lobes are in the left lung?

2

Why are the shoulders rotated forward for a PA projection of the chest?

To remove the scapulae from the lung fields

How is adequate inspiration verified on a PA Chest X-ray?

10 pairs of ribs will be seen projected above the diaphragm

Where should the central ray be directed for a PA projection of the chest?

T7

How is rotation evaluated on a lateral projection of the chest?

The superimposition of the right and left posterior ribs

Which of the following projections may be utilized to demonstrate the apices of the lung free from superimposition of the clavicles?

Lordotic

What is the most appropriate kVp for radiographing a routine PA chest while utilizing an upright grid/bucky device?

120

For a patient in the sthenic body habitus category, what structures are found in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?

Liver and Gall Bladder

What anatomical structure/s must be included on the inferior portion of a KUB?

Pubic Symphysis

In order to demonstrate the diaphragm on an upright abdominal radiograph versus a supine radiograph, the CR must enter _______________.

2 inches more superior

Which of the following radiographs would demonstrate air fluid levels?

1. Left lateral decubitus abdomen

2. Left lateral decubitus chest

3. Right lateral decubitus chest

4. Upright abdomen

1, 2, 3, 4

The physician has ordered supine and upright abdomen radiographs on a patient who is unable to stand. On this patient, which of the following radiographs can be performed to demonstrate free air in the abdominal cavity?

Left Lateral Decubitus Abdomen

In which Quadrant of the Abdomen is the Appendix located?

RLQ

What radiographs are routinely performed as part of an Acute Abdominal Series?

PA chest, AP upright abdomen, AP supine abdomen

For an AP supine abdominal radiograph, where should the central ray enter?

Iliac crest & MSP

A longitudinal plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts is named:

midcoronal plane

A latero-medial projection is when the lateral aspect of the anatomical part is closest to the IR. True or False?

false

A patient is lying on their back facing the x-ray tube. The right side of their body is turned 20 degrees toward the image receptor (IR). What is this radiographic position?

RPO

For abdominal radiography the exposure should be made:

at the end of full expiration

On a lateral soft tissue radiograph of the neck, what structure provides for the attachment of muscles?

Hyoid bone

A patient is lying on their back. The x-ray tube is horizontally directed with the CR entering the right side of the body. The image receptor is adjacent to the left side of the body. What is the radiographic position?*

Dorsal decubitus*

Why it is important to perform chest x-rays with the patient in an upright position whenever possible?

1. To assist the diaphragm in its downward movement

2. To allow for visualization of fluid levels

3. To allow for better expansion of the lungs

1, 2, and 3

A patient is erect and leaning the shoulders backward 20-30 degrees toward the IR. The CR is perpendicular to the IR. What specific position has been performed?

Lordotic

Obesity can impact

1. Quality of the radiographic image

2. Ability of the radiographer to position the patient

3. Ability of the radiographer to transfer the patient*

All of the above*

Bony landmarks, such as the iliac crest

1. Are different in physical location on obese patients vs. non-obese patients

2. May need to be identified by the patient

3. Are easier to locate on obese patients vs. non-obese patients

4. Typically are located using fluoroscopy prior to taking a radiographic exposure

2

What is another name for the Danelius-Miller method?

b. Axiolateral inferosuperior projection

What bones make up the mortise joint?

Tibia, fibula, talus

How can rotation be identified on a lateral projection of the chest?#

The right and left posterior ribs will not be superimposed#

A radiograph of the elbow demonstrates the radius directly superimposed over the ulna and the coronoid process in profile. Which projection of the elbow has been performed?^

Internal (Medial) Oblique^

What 3 methods could be used to visualize the intercondylar fossa of the knee?

Camp Coventry, Holmblad, and Beclere (Becky was a hoe at Camp Coventry)

A physician has ordered a decubitus chest radiograph to demonstrate fluid in the right lung. Which decubitus position should be utilized for the best demonstration of this fluid?

Right lateral decubitus

How many degrees of medial central ray (CR) angulation are required for the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence Method)?

20-30 degrees

Which of the following topographic landmarks corresponds with the L2-3 vertebral level?

Inferior costal margin

Which 2 structures form the distal radioulnar joint?

Ulnar notch and head of ulna

The patellofemoral joint is a __________ joint with a __________ type of movement.*

Synovial; sellar*

A radiograph of an AP knee reveals total superimposition of the fibular head and the proximal tibia. What must a technologist do to correct this positioning error on the repeated exposure?

Rotate the knee medially

A radiograph of an AP pelvis reveals that the right iliac wing is elongated as compared with the left side. What specific positioning problem is present on this radiograph?

Patient is rotated to the right (RPO)

Which part of the large intestine is located in the Left Upper Quadrant of the abdomen?

splenic flexure

Which abdominal muscles run on each side of the spinal column, and medial/posterior to, the kidneys?*

Right and left psoas major muscles*

In which body habitus do the stomach and gallbladder take on the highest, most horizontal position, away from the midline of the body?

Hypersthenic

A patient's posterior surface of the right knee is in contact with the image receptor. The anterior aspect of the knee and lower leg is rotated 15 degrees toward the midline. There is no CR angle. Which specific projection has been performed?

AP oblique with medial rotation

What is the minimum amount of time a patient should be upright before taking a projection to demonstrate intra-abdominal free air?

5 minutes

When appropriate, the long axis of the anatomic part being imaged should be placed ____ to the long axis of the IR.

Parallel

A radiograph of a PA oblique hand reveals that the third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals are superimposed. What must be done to correct this positioning problem for the repeat exposure?

Decrease the obliquity of the hand

Which projection of the shoulder places the glenoid cavity in profile for an "open" scapulohumeral joint?

Grashey method

What is the recommended SID for the acromioclavicular joints?

72 inches

Which one of the following radiographic signs indicates that the proximal femurs are in the position for a true AP projection?

Limited visibility of the lesser trochanters

What is the CR angle for a Plantodorsal (Axial) Projection of the Calcaneus?

40 degrees cephalad

What CR angulation is required for the AP oblique projection of the foot?

0 degrees

The method name used for the unilateral frog-leg projection is the:

Modified Cleaves

Which term describes the medial border of the stomach?

Lesser curvature

What are the cardinal principles of radiation?

Time, Distance, Shielding

A PA chest radiograph reveals that the left sternoclavicular joint is closer to the spine than the right joint. What specific positioning error has been committed?

Rotation into the LAO position

Why must the technologist slightly angle the CR caudally for most AP projections of the chest?

To ensure the clavicles are not obscuring the apices of the lungs

Where is the CR centered for the AP erect projection of the abdomen?

2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest

Why is it important to keep the phalanges parallel to the IR for a PA oblique projection of the hand?

Prevents foreshortening of phalanges and obscuring of interphalangeal joints.

How should the humeral epicondyles be aligned in comparison to the IR for a lateral projection of the elbow?

Perpendicular to image receptor

Which rotation of the humerus will result in a lateral position of the proximal humerus?

Internal rotation (epicondyles perpendicular to image receptor)

A radiograph of an AP ankle projection reveals that the lateral joint space is not open (lateral malleolus is partially superimposed by the talus). The superior and medial joint spaces are open. What should the technologist do to correct this problem and improve the image?

Nothing; this is an acceptable image.

The CR should be directed _______ to the sternum on an AP chest exam.

Perpendicular

a part forced toward midline

varus

a part forced away from midline

valgus

patient position with feet elevated above head

trendelenburg

angulation toward the head

cephaldad

angulation toward the feet

caudad

What type of tissue binds together and supports the various structures of the body?

connective tissue

How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?

206

An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head forward describes the _____ position.

Anatomic

What term describes the sole of the foot?

Plantar

A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is this radiographic position?

Left Lateral

The abdomen is divided into two cavities. The inferior cavity is the:

pelvic cavity

The liver, stomach, and pancreas are located in what cavity?

abdominal cavity

Which three projections usually comprise the acute abdomen series for ambulatory patients?

supine KUB, AP upright, and upright PA chest

Why is it important to include the diaphragm in the upright abdomen image?

to demonstrate possible free air in the abdomen

Which projection should be used to demonstrate free air within the abdominal cavity when the patient is unable to stand for an upright abdomen image?

AP left lateral decubitus position

What projection does not demonstrate free air levels within the abdomen?

KUB