ap huge review flashcards

Reference Map

Provides an idea of specific places

Thematic Map

Map that shows data in a geographical view

Clustering

Pattern that shows data clumped together in groups

Dispersal

A pattern within the data that shows significant space in between

Map projection

Placing the spherical map onto a flat surface

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Technology used to capture, store, and analyze spatial and geographical data

Global Positioning System (GPS)

With the use of multiple satellites or devices, it can determine precise location and distances

Remote sensing

The use of planes or satellites to collect data from a distance to understand geographical features and data

Landscape Analysis

Study of physical and cultural regions to understand human and environmental interactions, development, and patterns

Census Data

Official data on population and housing used to understand patterns and plan for the government

Absolute location

Precise location of earth, identified by address or longitude and latitude

Relative location

The general area or vicinity of a place related to other places or features

Space

Any physical area defined by a location and distance between objects

Place

A specific location on earth with unique features and characteristics

Distance decay

As the distance between two locations increases, the interactions decrease

Time-space compression

New technology and innovations make it easier to communicate and transport between places which makes the world more connected

Environmental determinism

A theory the states that physical environment directly effects

Possibilism

The theory that physical environment presents humans with a variety of possibilities and limitations, but, innovations and actions determine how things are overcome

Formal Region

An area defined by a shared detail like language, political system, or environment

Functional Region

An area that revolves around a central focal point or node that distributes outward

Vernacular Region

An area that is perceived subjectively rather that described geographically or scientifically

Arithmetic density

Concentration of people in one land are

People/land=A

Physiological Density

The amount of people within arable land

People/arable land=P

Agricultural density

The amount of farmers within arable land

Farmers/arable land=A

Carrying capacity

The total amount of people that a community can safely maintain and sustain

Population Pyramid

A pyramid (or other shape) that shows the distribution of the population based on age and gender

Demographic

Data that shows population depending on gender, race, ethnicity, etc.

Migration

To move to a new location

Natural Increase Rate (NIR OR RNI)

Difference between birth and death rates the shows how quickly a country is increasing naturally, excluding immigrants

Population doubling time

The amount of years it will take to completely double the existing population

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Model that shows different stages that depend on birth and death rates, that consequently effect the total population

Epidemiological transition

A model that shows the shift in the patterns of illness in the sense of chronic and communicable

Malthusian Theory

Population is growing at a exponential rate while food is growing at a linear rate

Pronatalist theories

Policies that attempt to raise population and birth rates

Antinatalist policies

Policies that attempt to reduce birth rates and consequently reduce the population

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

The stereotype for long term migration is that males and individuals are most prominent

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Total births per 1000 people

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Total deaths per 1000 people

Life expectancy

The assumed amount of years a population can live for

Dependency Ratio

The amount of non-working age population compared to the amount of working age population

Push factors

Factors that cause someone to move away

Pull factors

Factors that attract immigrants

Intervening Opportunities

Attractive factors that cause an immigrant to stop along the way of their voyage

Intervening obstacles

Unattractive factors that cause someone to be forced to stop their migration

Forced Migration

Involuntary movement caused by factors outside one’s control

Refugees

People seeking shelter after forced migration

Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)

People who are forced to flee their homes but still remain in their country. Often caused by violence, disaster, or natural disaster

Asylum Seekers

Refugees that are trying to find shelter but have not been approved into an asylum

Voluntary Migration

People who chose to migrate without a threat and disaster

Transnational Migration

People who move across borders but still have strong connections to their home country

Transhumance

The movement of livestock, but sometimes humans, to areas with better conditions and resources

Inter regional Migration

Migrating from one region to another

Intra regional Migration

Migrating within one region

Chain Migration

Migration type where people follow a leader to the desired destination

Step migration

A type of migration that takes stops along the way to the final point of interest

Guest Worker

People who migrate for a limited time to usually get a job

Rural to urban migration

Moving from the countryside to more dense urban areas

Total Fertility Rate

The average amount of children a woman will have during her child bearing years.

Cultural Relativism

The belief that one’s views and opinions should be judged based of the ideas of their own cultures, rather than the criteria of a different culture

Ethnocentrism

The judging of one’s culture based on the criteria of your own culture, meant to make one’s culture look more superior

Cultural Landscape

Visible imprint of human activity of the natural environment

Sequent Occupancy

Concept that society leaves cultural imprints on a place. There are also layers that are formed over time depending on the cultural changes.

Ethnic Neighborhood

An area in a city where an ethnic group it located and share the same practices and languages

Indigenous community

A group that has historical ties from before influence form other cultures

Sense of Place

Emotional attachment or perfection for a location that has a distinct cultural attachment; making a house feel like a home

Placemaking

Giving public places a sense of culture

Relocation diffusion

Spread of beliefs or language from people migrating from one location to another

Expansion Diffusion

Culture and language travels outwards but the central heart still remains strong

Contagious

The spread of culture from person to another, almost like a disease

Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of culture from one powerful source down to those with less power

Stimulus

When a culture is spread but adapted to also coincide with local cultures

Creolization

When multiple cultures blend to create a new hybrid culture

Lingua Franca

6 non-native languages that are used for universal communication

Colonialism

A country’s control over a different location that is marked by settlement or cultural imposition

Imperialism

Extending a country’s power and influence to other locations through colonization or cultural dominance

Globalization

The increase of connection around the world, caused by increase in global connection and advanced technology

Time-space convergence

The distance between locations is “shrinking” because of improvements in traveling technology, communication, and increase in interactions

Cultural convergence

Different cultures become more alike because of an increase of interactions

Cultural divergence

When two cultures become less similar because of social isolation or geographical isolation

Language family

A group of languages that come from a common ancestral language

Language Dialect

Regional or social variation of a language that sets it apart using its own unique vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation

Cultural heart

Area where cultural ideas originate; they may disperse to other other areas

Indo-European language family

Largest language family, most consists of languages form Europe, the Americas, and some of Asia

Universalizing Religion

A system of beliefs that can be found all over the world

Christianity

A monotheistic religion that is based on the god Jesus Christ

Islam

Religion based on the belief of the god Allah and the submission to his will

Buddhism

Religion that originated in India and follows the beliefs of peace and the Buddha

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion that cares about equality, selflessness, truth, discipline

Ethnic Religion

A religion that is specific to a certain area and is not followed all over the world

Hinduism

Native to India, believes in reincarnation and karma and is a polytheistic religion

Judaism

Monotheistic religion that follows the culture of Jewish people; passed on through ancestry and not seeking converts

Acculturation

When a bigger culture adopts traits of another culture while still maintaining some of the original culture

Assimilation

Process where a minority group completely adopts the traits of dominant culture, often following the loss of their own culture

Syncretism

Two or more cultures blending together to create a new culture with distinct traits

Multiculturalism

A society that houses multiple different cultures and all are accepted into the broader society

State

Politically organized territory with an established governement, borders, relations, and population

Nation

A group of people that share similar characteristics such as race and ethnicity but do not always form a state

Sovereignty

Power and authority a state posses to govern and make decisions for itself

Self-determination

Citizens of a state have the power over their own state and their decisions

Devolution

Spread of power to smaller territories, granting them more governing power and voice in the government, usually to prevent conflict