Chemistry, Biology, and Electricity Review Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the lecture notes on Chemistry, Biology, and Electricity.

Atom

A particle with no charge where the number of protons and electrons are equal.

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together, representing the second level of complexity after the atom.

Mixture

A substance made by mixing other substances together, representing the highest level of complexity among atoms and molecules.

Electrolysis

The chemical process used to break down water into its constituent parts.

Particle Theory of Matter

The theory stating that all matter is made up of tiny particles.

Proton

A subatomic particle with a positive charge and a mass of $1$, located inside the nucleus.

Neutron

A subatomic particle with a neutral charge and a mass of $1$, located inside the nucleus.

Electron

A subatomic particle with a negative charge and a mass of $0$, located outside the nucleus.

Ion

A particle that has a charge because it has gained or lost electrons.

Valence electrons

The electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom.

Lustre

A property of metals characterizing them as being shiny.

Conductivity

The property of matter that allows it to transfer heat or electricity.

Malleability

The property of metals that allows them to be hammered or bent.

Ductility

The property of metals that allows them to be pulled into wires.

Ionic bond

A chemical bond formed between a metal and a non-metal involving the transfer of electrons from a cation to an anion.

Homogeneous

A mixture that looks the same throughout, such as apple juice.

Heterogeneous

A mixture that looks different with visible parts, such as cereal.

Alloy

A mixture of two or more elements where at least one of the elements is a metal.

Precipitate

A solid formed when two liquids are mixed together that eventually collapses to the bottom.

Sublimation

The change of state from a solid directly to a gas.

Deposition

The change of state from a gas directly to a solid.

Crystal lattice

The structural arrangement of a compound like $NaCl$.

Cohesion

A property of matter where a substance sticks to the same substance.

Adhesion

A property of matter where a substance sticks to other substances.

Limiting factors

Factors such as food, predators, shelter, and diseases that limit the growth of a population.

Carrying capacity

The largest population of a species that a specific environment can support.

Sustainability

The ability of an ecosystem to maintain its balance and resources for both current and future generations.

Fossil fuels

Non-renewable fuels like coal, oil, and gas formed over millions of years from ancient organic remains.

Transpiration

The process by which plants release water vapor into the air.

Biodiversity

The total variety of living organisms found within a specific ecosystem, region, or across the planet.

Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area at a specific time, capable of interbreeding.

Hydrosphere

The zone of all water, including oceans, lakes, ice, and rain.

Lithosphere

The zone of solid land, including rocks, mountains, and continents.

Biosphere

The zone of all life, including plants, animals, and ecosystems.

Potential difference

A quantity measured in volts ($V$) using a voltmeter.

Current

The flow of electrons, measured in amperes ($A$) using an ammeter.

Resistance

The opposition to current flow, measured in ohms ($\Omega$).

Law of attraction

The electrical law stating that opposite charges attract one another.

Law of repulsion

The electrical law stating that like charges repel one another.