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Plato’s Criticisms of Knowledge as “True Belief with an Account”

Plato challenges the sufficiency of true belief for constituting knowledge, proposing that knowledge also requires an account.

Locke’s Theory of “Ideas,” Critiques by Berkeley, Hume

Locke introduces ideas as the primary units of understanding, critiqued by Berkeley and Hume for immaterialism and skepticism about external reality.

Berkeley’s Argument Against Material Substance and Idealism

Berkeley argues against material substances, positing that only minds and ideas exist, with reality being fundamentally mental or spiritual.

Reid’s Argument Against “The Ideal System” and for Direct Perception

Reid critiques indirect perception, advocating for common sense realism with direct perception connecting us to the external world.

Russell’s Sense-Data Theory, Its Relation to Earlier Theories of “Ideas”

Russell's theory states that immediate objects of perception are sense-data, not the objects themselves, related to earlier theories of ideas.

Arguments Against the Sense-Data Theory

Critics suggest direct experiences with objects over sense-data theory, complicating the understanding of perception.

Descartes’s Methodological Skepticism and Its Purpose

Descartes uses skepticism to find indubitable truths, leading to the foundational "cogito, ergo sum."

Hume’s “Mitigated” Skepticism

Hume doubts empirical knowledge and causation but upholds belief and reasoning based on habit.

Putnam’s Critique of the “Brain in a Vat” Skeptical Hypothesis

Putnam challenges the brain in a vat hypothesis as self-refuting due to language reference issues.

Moore’s “Proof of an External World”

Moore uses simple demonstrations to prove the external world, countering skepticism.

Carroll and Hume on Skepticism About Logic

Carroll presents a logical paradox, while Hume critiques inductive reasoning's foundation.

Trust and Testimony

Hume on Testimony and Miracles, Reid’s Reply:Hume questions testimony reliability, especially on miracles, countered by Reid defending testimony and belief in miracles.

Burge on Testimony in the Context of “Content Preservation”

Burge highlights the preservation of content in testimonial exchanges, emphasizing testimony's reliability.

Baker’s Defense of the Rationality of Trust

Baker argues trust is rational, essential for knowledge acquisition and social interaction.

Plato vs

Plato sees math from eternal Forms, Kant argues for synthetic a priori knowledge grounded in intuition.

Analytic vs

Kant distinguishes analytic and synthetic propositions, introducing synthetic a priori knowledge.

Russell’s Theory of Universals and His Criticism of Kant

Russell advocates for realist universals theory, criticizes Kant's synthetic a priori knowledge.

Conventionalism and the Geometry of Space

Conventionalism argues geometry truths are not empirical but conventional, influenced by non-Euclidean geometries and relativity.

Verification and the Elimination of Metaphysics

Logical positivists use verification to separate scientific discourse from metaphysics.

Quine’s Account of “Old Epistemology”

Quine critiques traditional epistemology, proposing a naturalized approach grounded in empirical sciences.

Quine’s Psychological Account of Epistemology

Quine's naturalized epistemology includes a psychological perspective on human cognition.

Kim’s Defence of Normative Epistemology

Kim defends normative epistemology, emphasizing normative standards and a priori reasoning.

Haack on Why Epistemology Isn’t Dead Yet

Haack defends the relevance of epistemology against radical naturalism and skepticism.

Knowledge, Appearance, and Reality

Explores the relationship between perceptions, beliefs, and the external world, highlighting philosophical challenges.