AP Human Geography Unit 5 Test Study
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40 Terms
What is agriculture?
The purposeful tending of crops and raising of livestock to produce food, fiber, or other products.
What was the First Agricultural Revolution?
The domestication of plants and animals around 10,000 years ago.
What is the Second Agricultural Revolution?
Improvements in farming methods during the 1700s–1800s that increased food supply.
What is the Green Revolution?
The use of high-yield seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides to increase food production.
What is subsistence agriculture?
Agriculture focused on producing enough food to feed the farmer and family.
What is commercial agriculture?
Agriculture focused on producing food for sale and profit.
What is intensive agriculture?
Uses small land areas with large amounts of labor or capital.
What is extensive agriculture?
Uses large land areas with small amounts of labor or capital.
What is pastoral nomadism?
Subsistence agriculture based on seasonal movement of livestock.
What is transhumance?
The seasonal movement of livestock between highland and lowland areas.
What is shifting cultivation?
A form of subsistence agriculture where land is cleared, farmed, and abandoned.
What is slash-and-burn agriculture?
Clearing land by cutting vegetation and burning debris.
What is milpa?
A traditional form of shifting cultivation in Central America.
What is wet rice farming?
A subsistence farming method involving flooded fields, common in Asia.
What is double cropping?
Harvesting two crops from the same field in one year.
What is plantation agriculture?
Large-scale commercial farming that specializes in one crop.
What is a cash crop?
A crop grown primarily for sale rather than personal use.
What is mixed crop and livestock farming?
Crops and animals are raised together, common in developed countries.
What is dairy farming?
Commercial agriculture focused on milk production.
What is grain farming?
The large-scale production of cereal crops such as wheat and corn.
What is livestock ranching?
Raising animals on large areas of land, common in dry climates.
What is a feedlot?
A confined area where livestock are fattened before slaughter.
What is market gardening?
The small-scale production of fruits and vegetables near cities.
What is Mediterranean agriculture?
A farming system producing fruits, vegetables, olives, and grapes.
What is monoculture?
The planting of a single crop over a large area.
What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
Plants or animals whose genes have been altered through biotechnology.
What is biotechnology?
The use of living organisms to improve agricultural products.
What is fertilizer?
Substances added to soil to increase nutrients.
What is pesticide?
Chemicals used to kill pests that damage crops.
What is irrigation?
The artificial watering of crops.
What is aquaculture?
The farming of fish and other aquatic organisms.
What is organic agriculture?
Farming without synthetic chemicals.
What is sustainable agriculture?
Farming that meets current needs without harming future resources.
What is desertification?
The degradation of land caused by overuse and climate change.
What is overgrazing?
Damage to land caused by excessive grazing.
What is soil salinization?
The buildup of salt in soil due to irrigation.
What is food security?
Access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.
What is a food desert?
An area with limited access to affordable, nutritious food.
What is the Von Thünen Model?
A model explaining agricultural land use based on distance to market.
What is bid rent?
The price a farmer is willing to pay for land based on location.