China, Japan, Ottoman Empire, India, and Africa: Imperialism and Industrialization Review

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the historical responses of China, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, India, and Africa to imperialism, as well as the key concepts of the Industrial Revolution and economic systems like Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism.

Sphere of influence

An area in which a country claims to have control over another country or continent; in China, this refers to European and US influence.

Lin Zexu

A Qing administrator in $1839$ who was assigned to eliminate opium in China.

Hong Xiuquan

The leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom rebellion against the Qing administration.

Meiji Restoration

The restoration of power to the Japanese emperor, ending the shogunate and initiating modernization and westernization to avoid European imperialism.

militarianism

A Japanese ideology of modernization used to resist European imperialism.

militarization

The process of a country organizing itself for military conflict and violence.

militarism

The belief that a country or its people must develop a strong military to attack and defend based on national interest.

$1st$ Sino Japanese war

A conflict where Japan attacked China to gain control over Korea.

emp. meji

The emperor during the Meiji restoration who came to the throne after the Komei emp.

Secularization

The process of separating religion from government systems.

ethnicity

An identification based on culture, race, and other similar factors.

ethnonationalism

The belief that ethnicity is a country's defining characteristic, holding that only that specific ethnic group belongs in the country.

Balkans

A region important to the decline of the Ottomans where nationalist movements in Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro led to the Balkan wars.

Auspicious Incidient

The event where Sultan muhmad II disbanded the Janissaries with British assistance.

Tanzimat Reforms

The modernization of the Ottoman Empire includes the end of the slave trade and the introduction of paper money.

Sultan abdul Hamid'll

An Ottoman leader who resumed absolute power after $2$ years of reforms.

Young Turks

A Turkish reform movement to modernize and westernize the Ottoman empire that switched from a multicultural ideology to an ethnonationalist one.

Ft William

The headquarters of EIC operations in Bengal, located in Calcutta.

Doctrine of Lapse

An EIC policy stating that if a Nawab in alliance with the EIC died without an heir, their land went to the EIC.

Sepoys

Soldiers who could be used by nawabs and rajas to expand territory.

Battle of Plassey

The event marking the beginning of the Company Raj in India, where the EIC defeated the Bengal Nawab (who was Frech allied).

Company raj

The period of EIC rule in India before direct British government control.

sati

One of the traditional practices in India that the British worked to end.

Mangal pandey

A Sepoy in the Bengal army who shot at investigating officers; his hanging led to the start of the Sepoy vs British rebellion.

British Raj

The direct British rule in India established after the British government dissolved the EIC and absorbed its assets.

realpolitick

Also known as political realism, it is the practice of doing whatever is believed to be in the country's best interest.

Social Darwinism

The discredited idea that Darwin's theories of natural selection can be applied to people and ethnic groups.

Quinine

A substance that originated in South America and was used to treat malaria.

King Leopold II of Belgium

The owner of the Belgian Congo where rubber was harvested from tree sap.

Scramble for Africa

The period when European nations began colonizing Africa based on theories of social Darwinism.

Berlin conference

A gathering of diplomats from $14$ countries to discuss how Africa would be divided for profit.

Battle of Adwa

A battle in which Italy was defeated by Ethiopia.

Suez Canal

A waterway taken by the UK from Egypt to control trade profit and provide an easier route to India.

white mans burden

A writing by Rudyard Kipling that explained conquered people were inferior and needed to be carried to civilization.

Balance of power

A situation where countries have roughly equal power to each other.

Industrialization

The economic process where a place shifts from an agriculture-based economy to one based on making and selling products.

Land enclosures

The process of getting rid of common plots of land to create space for factory lines.

Urbanization

The process of people moving from the countryside to cities, resulting in increased city size.

Capitalism

An economic system created by Adam Smith where the government has little to no role in the free market.

Wage labour

A key characteristic of capitalism where workers are paid for their work.

Unions

Organized associations of workers who form a group to further their rights and interests.

Collective Bargaining

The process of unions negotiating with owners for better pay and benefits.

Socialism

A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned and regulated by the community as a whole.

Welfare state

A characteristic of socialism where the government pays for necessities like housing, healthcare, and education.

Communism

A political and economic system created by Karl marx where everyone works for the good of the community according to their ability and needs.