AVS2101- Exam 2 Study guide

What are the functions of calcium?

Component of skeleton; involved in blood coagulation

What are deficiency symptoms of calcium?

Rickets; fractures/lameness; osteoporosis; osteomalacia; reduced egg quality/production

What are the functions of phosphorus?

Component of skeleton with calcium; involved in energy (ATP, GTP)

What are deficiency symptoms of phosphorus?

Rickets; osteomalacia; poor appetite; chewing wood/bone; impaired fertility

What are the functions of magnesium?

Skeletal development; enzyme cofactor; acid-base balance; nervous system

What are deficiency symptoms of magnesium?

Weak/crooked legs; poor appetite; incoordination; twitching

What are the functions of potassium?

Intracellular cation; osmotic pressure; acid-base balance; protein synthesis; nerves; muscle contraction

What are deficiency symptoms of potassium?

Anorexia; weight loss; decreased milk/egg production; pica; rough coat; ataxia

What are the functions of sodium?

Extracellular cation; osmotic pressure; acid-base balance; body fluids; muscle contraction

What are deficiency symptoms of sodium?

Anorexia; poor growth; reduced production; salt craving

What are the functions of chlorine?

Extracellular anion; osmotic pressure; acid-base balance; respiration

What are deficiency symptoms of chlorine?

Anorexia; poor performance; salt craving

What are the functions of sulfur?

Component of amino acids; involved in vitamin B, CoA, hemoglobin, glutathione; blood clotting

What are deficiency symptoms of sulfur?

Poor performance; lacrimation; unthrifty condition

What is the function of cobalt?

Part of vitamin B12; cofactor in Krebs cycle

What is cobalt deficiency?

Reduced appetite/growth; anemia; death

What is the function of copper?

Enzyme cofactor in metabolism

What is copper deficiency?

Anemia; ataxia; nervous disorder; bone abnormalities; poor hair/wool; reproductive failure

What is the function of iron?

Component of hemoglobin/myoglobin; electron transport

What is iron deficiency?

Anemia; labored breathing; weakness; wrinkled skin; edema; poor immunity

What is the function of iodine?

Component of thyroid hormones (T3, T4)

What is iodine deficiency?

Cretinism (young); myxedema (older animals)

What is the function of manganese?

Enzyme cofactor (superoxide dismutase)

What is the function of molybdenum?

Enzyme cofactor (xanthine oxidase)

What is molybdenum deficiency?

Inability to metabolize amino acids and purines

What is the function of selenium?

Antioxidant; enzyme cofactor; supports muscle, sperm, immune function

What is selenium deficiency?

Fluid accumulation (poultry); liver necrosis (swine)

What is selenium toxicity?

Blind staggers; hair loss; hoof damage; joint erosion

What is the function of zinc?

Enzyme cofactor; insulin; metabolism; immune function

What is zinc deficiency?

Anorexia; growth retardation; skin issues; poor feathering; leg problems

What is the function of Vitamin A?

Eyesight and bone formation

What is Vitamin A deficiency?

Slow growth; reproductive disorders; night blindness

What is the function of Vitamin D?

Calcium absorption; calcium and phosphate metabolism

What is Vitamin D deficiency?

Rickets; poor growth; osteoporosis; osteomalacia

What is the function of Vitamin E?

Antioxidant; regulates cell nucleus

What is Vitamin E deficiency?

Reproductive failure; poor growth; muscular dystrophy

What is the function of Vitamin K?

Blood clotting

What is Vitamin K deficiency?

Hemorrhages; prolonged clotting

What is the function of Vitamin B complex?

Coenzymes; carbohydrate and fat metabolism

What is Vitamin B deficiency?

Reduced growth/appetite; convulsions; anemia

What is the function of Vitamin C?

Antioxidant; maintains enzymes

What is Vitamin C deficiency?

Scurvy (humans)

What are five mineral-rich feedstuffs?

Oyster shells; limestone; salt; dicalcium phosphate; monocalcium phosphate

What are three vitamin-rich feedstuffs?

Vitamin premix; liver meal; fish oil

What GIT organs are unique to avian species?

Crop; proventriculus; gizzard; ceca; cloaca

What GIT organs are noted in swine?

Cecum; anus

What are beneficial products of microbial fermentation?

Volatile fatty acids (acetate; propionate; butyrate); vitamins B and K; microbial protein

What enzymes are active in the stomach?

Renin; pepsin; gastric lipase

What enzymes are active in the small intestine?

Sucrase; lactase; peptidase; maltase

What enzyme is released from the pancreas?

Trypsin