chapter 5

- Epithelial tissue

- Connective tissue

- Nervous tissue

- Muscular tissue

what are the four broad categories of tissues

Organ

structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types

Histology

the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

Tissues

- groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism

- they also come from the same region of an embryo

muscle and epithelium tissues

what tissues are so close together that you can scarcely see the matrix

- Fibrous proteins

- ground substance which ar

- tissue fluid

- extracellular fluid

the matrix is made out of?

epithelial tissue

Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption

- epidermis

- inner lining of the digestive tract

- liver and other glands

the epithelial tissue's locations are

A single cell, fertilized egg

Human development begins as a

- Ectoderm (outer)

- Endoderm (inner)

- Mesoderm (middle)

what are the three primary germ layers?

Ectoderm (outer)

Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system

Endoderm (inner)

Gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, among other things

mesenchyme

Mesoderm (middle) becomes gelatinous tissue called

Mesoderm (middle)

Wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix and gives rise to muscle, bone, blood

control and communication

nervous tissues provide

movement

muscle tissues provide

cover and protect the body

epithelial tissues provide

support

connective tissues provide

Epithelia

allow no room for blood vessels

epithithelial tissue

Extracellular material is so thin it is not visible with a light microscope

epithelial tissue

Lie on a layer of loose connective tissue and depend on its blood vessels for nourishment and waste removal5-10

Basement membrane

layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue

Basement membrane

what anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it

Collagen

Laminin

Heparin sulfate

glycoproteins

what is the basement layer made up of?

Basal surface

surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane

Apical surface

surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane

one layer of cells

named by shape of cells

All cells touch the basement membrane

what factors make up a simple epithelium

Contains more than one layer

Named by shape of apical cells

Some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane

what factors make up a stratified epithelium

Simple squamous

Simple cuboidal

Simple columnar

Pseudostratified columnar

what are the four types of simple epithelia?

Simple squamous

Simple cuboidal

Simple columnar

what simple epithelia is named for their shape?

not all cells reach the apical surface

Shorter cells are covered over by taller ones

Looks stratified

Every cell reaches the basement membrane

what are some characteristics of pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

Goblet cells

wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia

cuboidal cells

square or round cells

columnar cells

tall, narrow cells

squamous cells

thin, scaly cells

Permits rapid diffusion /transport of substances

Secretes serous fluid

what do simple squamous epithelium do

Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement

what do simple cuboidal epithelium do

Liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, and kidneys tubules

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

Simple columnar epithelium

Oval nuclei in basal half of cell and Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus

Simple columnar epithelium

Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells

Simple columnar epithelium

Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes

Pseudostratified epithelium

- With cilia and goblet cells

- Secretes and propels mucus

- Respiratory tract and portions of male urethra

Range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells

Some cells resting directly on others and not all touch basement membrane

what are some characteristics of Stratified Epithelia?

Stratified squamous

Stratified cuboidal

Stratified columnar (rare)

Transitional epithelium

what are the four names of stratified epithelia?

Stratified Epithelium

what is the most widespread epithelium in the body?

Mitosis

Deepest layers of epithelium tissue undergoes continuous

flatter

upward

exfoliation

Deepest layers undergo continuous mitosis. Their daughter cells push toward the surface and become ______as they migrate farther ______Finally die and flake off called _____

Keratinized

Nonkeratinized

Two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia

Keratinized

found on skin surface, abrasion resistant (has a waterproof protein)

Nonkeratinized

lacks surface layer of dead cells (inside of mouth)

Keratinized stratified squamous

Multiple cell layers with cells becoming flat and scaly toward surface

Epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratinized

Resists abrasion; retards (holds back) water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms

what does Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium do?

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Same as keratinized epithelium without the surface layer of dead cells

Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous are found where

Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens

both Keratinized and Nonkeratinized stratified squamous do what

Secretes sweat, sperm production and ovarian hormone production

found: Sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules

Stratified cuboidal epithelium does what and is found where?

Transitional epithelium

Multilayered epithelium surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched

Allows for filling of urinary tract

Ureter and bladder

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Sweat gland ducts; egg-producing vesicles (follicles) of ovaries; sperm-producing ducts (seminiferous tubules) of testis

simple columnar epithelium

Inner lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus, and uterine tubes; some kidney tubules

Stratified Squamous Epithelium—Nonkeratinized

"Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, anal canal, vagina"

Stratified Squamous Epithelium—Keratinized

Epidermis; palms and soles are especially heavily keratinized

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Respiratory tract from nasal cavity to bronchi;

simple cuboidal epithelium

Liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary, and other glands; most kidney tubules; bronchioles

simple squamous epithelium

"Air sacs (alveoli) of lungs; glomerular capsules of kidneys; some kidney tubules; inner lining (endothelium) of heart and blood vessels; serous membranes of stomach, intestines, and some other viscera; surface mesothelium of pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, and mesenteries"

Connective tissue

a type of tissue in which cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material

Connective tissue

Binds organs to each other, supports and protects organs

in direct contact

Most cells of connective tissue are not _________ with each other

extracellular material

Most cells of connective tissue

are Separated by

Highly vascular

connective tissues are

richly supplied with blood vessels

what does highly vascular mean

Connective tissue

Most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues

Binding of organs

Support

Physical protection

Immune protection

Movement

Storage

Heat production

Transport

what do connective tissues do?

Binding of organs

tendons and ligaments

Support

bones and cartilage

Physical protection

cranium, ribs, sternum

Immune protection

white blood cells attack foreign invaders

Movement

bones provide lever system

Storage

fat, calcium, phosphorus

Heat production

metabolism of brown fat in infants

Transport

blood

fibers and ground substance

Fibroblasts produce what

Macrophages

Amoeboid cells that roam connective tissue and engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells.

Macrophages

Arise from white blood cells called monocytes

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Neutrophils attacking bacteria

react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign material

What do Leukocytes, or white blood cells mainly

synthesize disease-fighting antibodies

come from lymphocytes

Plasma cells do what and come from what

blood vessels

Mast cells are found alongside

mast cells

Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation and inhibit clotting

Adipocytes

what stores triglycerides (fat molecules)

collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers

what are the 3 different types of fibers?

Collogin

what are all three fibers made up of?

collagenous

thick collagen fibers

Most abundant of the body's proteins—25%

Tough, flexible, and resist stretching

Less visible in matrix of cartilage and bone

collagen and Collagenous fibers

Tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of the skin are mostly

Reticular fibers

•Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein (not made for strength)

• made for filtration

• Form framework of such organs as spleen and lymph nodes

Elastic fibers

• Thinner than collagenous fibers

• Branch and rejoin each other

• Made of protein called elastin

• Allows stretch and recoil

• Yellow fibers—fresh elastic fibers

elastin

Elastic fibers are made out of proteins called

Ground substance

Usually a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules

fibrous conective tissue

tissue that has fibers

loose connective tissue

much of the space is occupied by ground substance

• Areolar

• Reticular

what are the two types of loose connective tissues?