− ethical perspectives with reference to those from natural moral law, utilitarianism and virtue ethics;

Natural Moral Law (Aquinas)

Allows for punishment, including execution, if it serves the common good. Aquinas argues that serious crime leads to a loss of human dignity, justifying the treatment of offenders as dangerous animals.

Utilitarianism

Punishment is justified if it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number, deterring crime and providing justice to victims. Critics argue it may lead to punishing the innocent to uphold social order, which could cause greater long-term unhappiness.

Virtue Ethics

Focuses on character rather than fixed rules. Aristotle contended that punishment should be proportional to protect the community, while Stanley Hauerwas completely rejects retaliation, advocating for a Christian perspective based on Jesus' example of peace.

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