module 4 classification and evolution

the 5 kingdoms- animalia

• has membrane bound organelles

• multicellular

• feeds through autotrophic

• cell wall absent

plantae

• cellulose cell wall

• has membrane bound organelles

• autotrophic through photosynthesis

• multicellular

fungi

• cell wall made of chitin

• multinucleated

• saphrotrophic and heterotrophic

• has membrane bound organelles

• reproduces realeasing spores from hyphae

prokaryotae

• peptidoglycan cell wall

• unicellular

• saprotrophic external digestion autotrophic heterotrophic

• no membrane bound organelles

protoctista

• cell wall sometimes present

• membrane bound organelles presnet

• unicellular/multicellular

• hetertrophic autotrophic

heterotrophic autotrophic saprotrophic

nourishment from digesting plants or animals matter

capable of making nutreints from inorganic matter

absorbing or decaying dead matter

criteria used to classify organsims

• the observable physical features

• cytochrome c- amino acid sequences

• how similar behaviours are

• the DNA

reasons why life is classified into 3 domains

• differences in rRNA

• RNA polmerase

• Protein synthesis

why is the 3 domains better than the 5 kingdoms

• 3 domains fit phylogeny better

• fundamental differences in archeae and bacteria

• fundamental diffrences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• bacteria and archeae have different RNA polymerase

classification phylogeny

• placing organisms into categories based on similarities

• the closeness of evolutionary relationships

the relationship- modern classification reflects phylogeny

the evidence for the theory of evolution

• fossils- the fossils found in sediments deeper underground are older than the ones above shos that organisms change over time

• by comparing DNA

• cytochrome c

• there are gaps int he fossil record

• comparing the DNA of fossil

continuous variation

• no distinct categories

• determined by more than one gene and the environment

• consists of intermediate values

• represented by line graphs and histograms

homologous structure analagous structure

have the same evolutionary origin regardless of function

2 species with features with similar functions but different structures

divergent evolution convergent

share common ancestor and similar characteristucs

unrelated species develop similar features