Faith and Reason in Modern Thinking

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the interplay of faith and reason, the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic Reformation, alongside significant theological developments, figures, and events.

Faith & Reason

The interplay between spiritual belief and rational thought, especially as discussed by philosophers like Kant.

The New Science

Concept that nature (science) and revelation (Bible) are two 'books' through which God communicates.

Deism

Philosophical belief in a God who created the universe but does not intervene; likened to a clockmaker.

Categorical Imperative

Kantian principle stating that one should act only according to that maxim by which you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.

The Highest Good

The ideal state of perfect happiness and justice, which Kant believes is achievable only in the afterlife.

Religion of the Heart

Schleiermacher's view that religion is primarily a feeling of absolute dependence on a higher power.

Existential Religion

Kierkegaard's philosophy emphasizing the individual's personal relationship with faith over cultural identity.

Paradox of Faith

The notion that faith should emotionally affect one's life, despite being rationally incomprehensible.

Imputed Righteousness

Lutheran belief that God declares a person righteous, rather than making them righteous gradually.

Five Solas

Key principles of the Reformation: Sola Scriptura, Sola Gratia, Sola Fide, Solus Christus, Soli Deo Gloria.

Calvinism

The theological system of John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God.

Predestination

The belief that God has preordained who will be saved and who will not.

Church of England

The national church created in England during the Reformation, initially retaining many Catholic practices.

Council of Trent

A Roman Catholic council aimed at addressing church abuses and clarifying doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Spanish Inquisition

A Catholic tribunal established to root out heresy, often employing torture and intimidation.

Colonialism & Missions

The spread of Catholicism globally by Spain and Portugal during their colonial expansions.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands between them.

Encomienda System

A labor system that forced native peoples into servitude, often seen as a form of slavery.

Francis Xavier

A Jesuit missionary known for his efforts to spread Christianity in India and Japan.

Matteo Ricci

A Jesuit missionary who adapted Christianity to Chinese culture, which led to controversy.