Animal Nutrition - 14 Feed Additives

What are feed additives?

Compounds that enhance feed manufacturing, feed quality, growth performance, or affect consumer acceptance.

What is the role of antifungals in feed additives?

They act as mold inhibitors, such as propionic acid.

Name two natural antioxidants used in feed.

Vitamin E and Vitamin C.

What are synthetic antioxidants mentioned in feed additives?

Ethoxyquin (Santoquin), BHT, BHQ, BHA.

What are pellet binders?

Compounds like lignin-based binders, hemi-cellulose binders, and mineral binders that help in feed manufacturing.

What are mycotoxins?

Toxins produced by fungi that can have harmful effects on livestock.

What is aflatoxin and its effects?

Aflatoxin is carcinogenic and teratogenic, causing liver diseases in livestock.

What is Trichothecenes deoxynivalenol and vomitoxin and its effects

Immunologic effects, hematological changes, digestive disorders, edema

What are the effects of zearalenone?

It has estrogenic effects, causing atrophy of ovaries and testicles, and can lead to abortion.

What are the effects of Ochratoxic

Nephrotoxicity, mild liver damage, and immune suppression

What are the effects of Ergot Alkaloid?

Nervous or gangrenous syndromes

What are the effects of Fumonisin

Pulmonary edema, leukoencephalomalaci, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

How do additive modify performance

Feed flavors to stimulate intake (molasses and chocolate, digestion, and metabolism

What additives are used to modify digestion

Enzymes, buffers, Ionophores. Probiotics, prebiotics, and acidifiers.

What is the purpose for adding enzymes

fiber degrading and phytase

What buffers are added and to what species

adding sodium bicarbonate to ruminate diets

What is the purpose for adding ionophores

inhibits gram neg growth, improves feed efficiency and milk production and decreases methane production

What is the purpose for adding probiotics

To fed microbial and compete with pathogenic bacteria in gut

What is the purpose for adding prebiotics

Have a beneficial physiological effect by stimulating growth and activity of good bacteria

What is the purpose for adding acidifiers

Organic acids (citric and lactic) can aid in digestion by lowering pH. May also have bacteriostatic effect in liquid diets.

What is the function of probiotics in animal feed?

They compete with pathogenic bacteria in the gut to promote health.

What are prebiotics?

Non-digestible compounds that stimulate the growth or activity of beneficial gut bacteria.

What additives are used to modify metabolism

Hormones and growth promotants

What are the two kinds of hormones added to feed

Steroid and b-adrenergic agonists

What is the purpose for adding steroid hormones

increase lean, decrease fat, improve feed efficiency - oral hormones illegal in US!

What is the purpose for adding ß-adrenergic agonists

They mimic epinephrine/adrenaline, decrease fat, increase lean, and improve feed efficiency

Examples of ẞ-adrenergic agonists

Ractopamine (paylean - pigs, Optaflexx - cattle) and Zilpaterol (Zilmax - cattle)

What are the types of growth promotants

Antibiotics, Chemotherapeutic agents, and Chromium

what are the 2 categories of antibiotic additives

Therapeutic (high dose) and sub-therapeutic (low)

What is the purpose for adding antibiotics

prevent disease, improve growth rate and feed efficiency - not allowed in the US

What is the antibiotic controversy

That there might be evidence that the use of antibiotics in ag has had negative effects on human health, causing antibiotic resistance

What is the most common antibiotic type for animals?

Tetracyclines

What antibiotic type is never used in humans?

Ionophores

What antibiotic type in most common in humans?

Penicillins

Why do sub therapeutic levels of antibiotics in the feed improve performance

because antibiotics remove pathogens from gut and allow animal to put less energy into immune system and more into growth.

What additive have the US and Europe banned/reduced the use of?

Growth Promoting Antibiotics (GPA) which has resulted in an increased use of antibiotics

What is the amount of GPA in pigs and poultry

Pig almost completely eliminated and poultry uses ionophores and aren't allowed to add hormones nor antibiotics

What causes antibiotic resistance

Over prescribing, not finishing, over use, lack of hygiene, lack of new developments

What compounds are added to broiler feed

Antibacterials, coccidiostats, organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, natural products, and digestive enzymes

What additives has had an increase in use

Organic acids, prebiotics, and natural products

What are examples of chemotherapeutic agents

Copper sulfate, Arsenicals, Zinc oxide

What is the purpose for adding chromium

Improves sow performance, repartitioning agent, and enhances immune function

What is Chromium

salt of picolinic acid

What are metabolism modifiers in feed?

Compounds like hormones and beta-adrenergic agonists that improve growth and feed efficiency.

What is the purpose of using antibiotics in animal feed?

To prevent disease and improve growth rate and feed efficiency.

What is the controversy surrounding sub-therapeutic antibiotics?

They can lead to antibiotic resistance and are banned in some regions.

What are ionophores and their benefits?

Compounds that inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria, improving feed efficiency and reducing methane production.

What is the role of organic acids in feed?

They may aid digestion by lowering stomach pH and have bacteriostatic effects.

What are the effects of growth-promoting antibiotics?

They improve animal health, growth rates, and feed efficiency.

What are some examples of natural products used as feed additives?

Plant extracts and spices that stimulate digestion and may have antibacterial activity.

What is the impact of feed additives on consumer acceptance?

Additives like color pigments and nutraceuticals can enhance the perceived quality of animal products.

What are the environmental concerns related to feed additives?

Excess nitrogen and phosphorus can lead to environmental pollution; substitutes like crystalline amino acids are used to minimize this.

What are the benefits of using enzymes in animal feed?

Enzymes like beta-glucanase and xylanases improve digestibility.

What is the role of coccidiostats in broiler feed?

They reduce pathogen growth and improve overall health.

What are the effects of antibiotics in pigs?

They improve feed cost, rate of gain, farrowing rate, and reduce mortality.

What is the significance of using chromium in animal feed?

It improves sow performance and enhances immune function.

What are some additives that alter consumer acceptance

color and nutraceuticals

What is used to add color

Xanthophylls, marigold petals

- affect yolk and fat color

What are nutraceuticals

CLA and Omega-3

- "health benefit"

How do additives affect the growth of livestock?

They can enhance growth performance and feed efficiency, leading to better economic outcomes.

What is the importance of balancing feed additives?

Proper balance is crucial to maximize benefits while minimizing health risks and environmental impact.

How can we reduct nitrogen

reduce crude protein. substitute crystalline amino acids (Lys, Meth, Threo, Tryp)

How can we reduce phosphorous

Reduce the level and substitute phytase for dicalcium phosphate