History

Hue and Cry

An anglo-Saxon law enforcement where when a crime happened someone shouted for help, and the entire village had to chase and catch the suspect

3 different types of courts and what they were for

Royal/national courts - serious crime

Shire courts - lesser crime

Hundred courts - petty crime

3 parts of religious settlement

Act of Supremacy

Act of Uniformity

Royal Injunctions

3 thing from act of supremacy

Elizabeth became Supreme Governor

Pope lost all power over the English Church

Clergy swore an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth

3 things from act of uniformity

Dictated the appearance of churches

Set the form of services held

Made the Prayer Book mandatory under punishment.

Things abt religious settlement that Catholics and protestants liked

Protestant: Services were held in English. Elizabeth used the title Governor, not Head

Catholic: Traditional church decorations and vestments remained. Vague communion wording allowed Catholic beliefs

Why were the actual of uniformity fines important

Missing church cost a full week's wage

Why was the wording of the common book of prayer vague

Catholics interpret it as Holy Communion

Protestants view it as a remembrance

Why did ppl doubt Elizabeth's legitimacy

Catholics dislikes Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon

They thought Elizabeth was born out of wedlock

Anne Boleyn's execution for cheating caused doubt on Elizabeth mother

Why did Henry leave the Catholic church

The Pope wouldn’t let him divorce

He needed a divorce to marry Anne Boleyn

He wanted a male heir to the throne

Why were there worries around a female ruler

Women were not seen as ok for military leadership

Elizabeth wouldn't a military leader

Why was marrying a foreign prince risky for Elizabeth

He might prioritize his own country's needs

Most suitable foreign princes were Catholic, worrying Protestants

How did Mary I's reign influence female ruler

She burned almost 300 Protestants for their beliefs

Her marriage to Philip II of Spain caused a rebellion

England lost a war and valuable land to France

What did Christianity teach about women

women should be under men's authority

Why were catholics worried for Elizabeth's reign

Elizabeth was a Protestant

They feared a return to the Protestant policies of Edward VI

They feared Protestant revenge for the persecution under Mary I

Outcomes of the Ridolfi plot

William Cecil uncovered the plot

The Duke of Norfolk was found guilty and executed in 1572

Ridolfi was abroad when it failed and never returned

Parliament demanded Mary’s execution, but she lived

What was the plan of the Ridolfi plot

Murder Queen Elizabeth

Launch a Spanish invasion with the help of the Spanish king

Put Mary, Queen of Scots on the English throne

Ridolfi traveled to Spain to speak with Phillip II and the Duke of Alba

Who was in the Ridolfi plot

Roberto Ridolfi

Phillip II

Duke of Alba

The Pope

Duke of Norfolk

Mary, Queen of Scots

Outcomes of the Throckmorton plot

Sir Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot

Throckmorton was arrested in November 1583

He was tortured, confessed, and executed in May 1584

What was the plan for the Throckmorton plot

The French Duke of Guise would invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth, and restore Catholicism

Phillip II would provide financial support

Francis Throckmorton acted as a go-between for Mary

Who was in the Throckmorton plot

French Duke of Guise (Mary's cousin)

Phillip II

Francis Throckmorton

The Pope

Outcomes of the Babington plot

Babington and his helpers were hung, drawn, and quartered

In October 1586, Mary was tried by the Privy Council

She was found guilty and sentenced to death (executed on February 8, 1587)

Plan for the Babington plot

Murder Queen Elizabeth and encourage Catholics to rebel

The Duke of Guise would invade with 60,000 men

Put Mary on the throne

Babington sent a letter to Mary revealing the plot

Walsingham intercepted the letter and gathered details, leading to the arrest of 6 Catholics

Who was in the Babington plot

Duke of Guise

Phillip II

The Pope

Anthony Babington

Francis Walsingham

Whitechapel

20 divisions each known by a letter of the alphabet

Mary Ann Nichols

Holborn, London

43 years old

Poor, lived 5 in a house; mother and sister died; had to help around the house; divorced, educated

Begging and workhouses

alcohol addiction

Peabody Estate

Annie Chapman

Army barracks

48 years old

Father was a soldier who committed suicide; working class; 6 dead kids; educated; forced divorce; 4 dead siblings; good mom; lived with 3 men; married a stage coachman

Begging

Alcohol addiction (rehabilitated then addicted again), tuberculosis

Lodging houses

Elizabeth Stride

Sweden

45 years old

Had a miscarriage; carpenter husband; divorced

Servant, coffee shop owner (failed), servant again, manipulated, begging

Alcohol addiction, syphilis

Lodging houses

Catherine Eddowes

Wolverhampton

46 years old

11 people; educated; mom dad and child died birth in workhouse; poor; abused

Tin industry, songwriter/poems

Alcohol addiction

Lodging house

Pastimes

Nobility: Hunting, Fishing, Bowls, Fencing

Lower classes: football, wrestling

Education

No education system

Practical skill

Some literacy

Small percent - mainly boys

Grammar schools for boys

Petty schools

Dane schools - for girls

Poor relief

Financial help paid by a local tax

Spanish Armada

Reasons: religion, trade and fight for Netherlands

Cresent formation

Grappled over and fought hand to hand

Lost 2 ships over 1 day

Weren't as sleek or fast

Battle on Isle of Wight had no shelter and couldn't turn back to sea

English and in 4 groups to attack 4 parts, set 8 ships on fire as a distraction

Wind blew Armada into shore and surviving ships hit storms

67 made it home

Attitudes towards Whitechapel police

Had a good reputation mid 19th century but later gained violent reputations and we're unpopular

Rookeries

Overcrowded slum areas that were difficult to move through

Up to 30 people lived in a single apartment

One rookery had 123 rooms and 757 people.High risk of starvation, disease, and crime

Whitechapel had a total population of 30,709 in 1881, with only 4,069 occupied houses

Peabody Estate

Opened in 1881 and provided 286 flats

Replaced a maze of narrow courtyards with 11 new blocks of flats

Designed by Henry Darbishire paid for by George Peabody, a wealthy American who had recently moved to London

Weekly rent was 3 shillings (15p) for a 1-room flat, up to 6 shillings for 3 rooms

Average labourer wage was 22 shillings 6 pence

Some families spent up to 1/3 of their income (8 shillings) on rent

What was the "Bloody Code" and why was it introduced

Parliament had more say in crime; many members were wealthy landowners who looked down on the poor

More crimes became punishable by the death penalty

50 crimes increased to many more

Designed to stop crime by removing the criminal completely

Based on the idea that the death penalty was the only way to deter crime.Despite this, capital crime rates increased

Houses of Correction: how did they function

The 1st prison of this type was Bridewell Prison

Used to punish the poor of all ages

Inmates had to perform hard labor

More opened up across the country after the success of Bridewel

transportation: key facts

Criminals were sent to North America for physical labor lasting 7 to 14 years

Prisoners were taken in chains under the decks of boats

50,000 to 80,000 people were given this sentence by 1770

Applied to men, women, and children

Made possible by global exploration, though many died on the journey and few returned

corporal punishments: purpose

Seen as an "effective" deterrent

Vagabonds were publicly whipped

Included fines, stocks, and the pillory

Relied heavily on public visibility and social humiliation

primary use of early standard prisons

Used as a debtors' prison

Individuals were locked away until their debt was fully paid

What did capital punishments involve during this era

Execution methods included hanging, beheading, burning, and being hung, drawn, and quartered

Highly visible to the public

Designed to maximize shame and deter others

What was smuggling and what was smuggled

Bringing goods into the country and selling them without paying new duties

Clothes, wine, spirits, salt, leather and soap

Footpad

Policing method for smuggling

Operated on foot

Highwayman

Policing method for smuggling

Operated on horseback

The bow Street runners

Team of theif takers

Patrolled London

Investigated and presented evidence in court

Organised policing

Got paid in 1785

People still thought it would be expensive

Martyr

Someone who suffered for their beliefs

Often admired

Lodging houses

Overcrowded

Small

Simple

No sewage system

Over 200 lodging houses in Whitechapel, housing over 8,000 people

Suffered from intense heat and smell in summer, accompanied by rats

Some operated on 3-hour or 8-hour sleeping shifts a day to maximize the number of people

Coffin beds

Had to pay

No 2 nights in a row

What were the main causes of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605

James I enforced strict anti-Catholic rules

Catholics feared attacks on England from Spain

Elizabeth I was excommunicated, and Catholics were prevented from practicing their faith

Catholics could not practice or be married by a Catholic priest

Catholics were treated as commoners, creating religious instability

key conspirators and people in the Gunpowder Plot

Conspirators: Guy Fawkes, Robert Catesby, Thomas Percy, Thomas Wintour, Jack Wright

Targets: King James I, Protestant bishops, and senior judges

specific details and targets of the gunpowder plot

November 5th, 1605

Blow up Parliament and kill the King

36 barrels of gunpowder hidden under the House of Lords

Positioned as a servant to watch over the gunpowder

First met in May 1604.

Some believe the plot was known about by authorities early on

How did the Gunpowder Plot fail

On October 26th, Lord Monteagle received a warning letter not to attend Parliament

Information was given to Robert Cecil, the King's spymaster

Westminster was searched, and authorities found Guy Fawkes

Guy Fawkes was caught when he was spotted travelling to Flanders for foreign assistance

Fawkes confessed on November 17th, 12 days after his arrest

What punishments did the conspirators face

Severe and violent punishments

Hung, drawn, and quartered

Only legal if the King gave special orders. The rack used to stretch limbs

Trial began in January 1606; all were found guilty of treason

Statute of Labourers

Introduced maximum pay and made it illegal to ask for a higher wage

Due to the black death there was less workers so they wanted to be paid more

1831

Heresy

Going against god

1401 - burned at stake

1414 - JPs arrest suspects

Matthew Hopkins

Witchfinder General - 1645

Months wage for every witch found

Starvation and also sleep deprivation for confessions

Signs were extra nipples, large moles, birthmark etc

Investigated 300 112 were killed

Swimming test

Drink accused intro water if floated = guilty drowned = not

Trail by ordeal

Stopped in 1215 it was trail by hot iron, hot water and cold water

Introduced trail by jury

Group of 12 men decided

Benefit of the clergy

Members of the clergy could only be tried in church courts - less harsh

Had to read psalm 51 ( neck verse, saved your neck)

Criminals would memorize

Sanctuary

Not in all churches

Sent on pilgrimage

Had to leave in 40 days

Ended in 1536

Citizen policing

Expected to deal with own crime

Constables

Dealt with everyday crime

Held post for 1 year

Night Watchmen

Patrolled streets at night

Rang bell to warn of crime

The Poor Law (1601)

Established under Elizabeth I, this system made each local area responsible for its own poor. It was funded by a local tax called the "poor rate". Relief was divided into "outdoor relief" and "indoor relief"

significance of the act for relief of the poor in 1576

JPs had to help able-bodied poor find work this helped improve conditions for some poor people

Tithing

A group of 10 men over the age of 12 who were collectively responsible for each other's behaviour and bringing those who broke the law to court

forest laws

William the Conqueror made large areas of forest personal royal property. Hunting, gathering wood, poaching or cutting trees became illegal 'social crimes' for ordinary peasants

Murdrum Fine

Compensation paid by an entire local area if a Norman was murdered and the Anglo-Saxon killer was not caught within days

When and why did Trial by Ordeal end

In 1215. Pope Innocent III banned priests from helping with the trials, as the Church decided God should not be forced to reveal the truth through physical tests

1597 Vagrancy Act

"undeserving" poor people caught begging would be whipped and sent back to their birthplace or a House of Correction

What political event in 1605 led to harsher laws against Catholics

The Gunpowder Plot

Bloody Code

The increase in crimes punishable by death (over 200 by 1810), meant to act as a harsh deterrent against theft and property damage

What did the Fielding Brothers create

John and Henry Fielding established the Bow Street Runners in 1749—the first structured, paid law enforcement group in London

When was the Metropolitan Police Force established and by who

In 1829 by Home Secretary Robert Peel. It set up London's first centralised, professional, and uniformed police force

Why did transportation to Australia end in 1868

Australia no longer wanted Britain's criminals, it was seen as too expensive, and it was no longer a scary enough deterrent for criminals in the UK

Silent System

forced prisoners to work alongside each other but in complete, strictly enforced silence

Separate System

kept prisoners isolated in cells to reflect and pray

social crimes

Minor crimes that many people regularly commit and society widely accepts, such as illegal digital downloading, minor speeding, or underage drinking

Conscientious Objector

Someone who refuses to join the military during a wartime draft due to religious, moral, or political beliefs

Which division of the Metropolitan Police patrolled Whitechapel

H Division