Anatomy and Physiology Lab Final

What enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?

Amylase

What is a bolus?

A mass of chewed food mixed with saliva before swallowing.

What is chyme?

Partially digested food mixed with gastric juices in the stomach.

What is mechanical digestion?

Physical breakdown of food (chewing and churning).

What is chemical digestion?

Enzymatic breakdown of food molecules.

What does bile do?

Emulsifies fats into smaller droplets.

Where is bile produced?

Liver

Where is bile stored?

Gallbladder

What is the first section of the small intestine?

Duodenum

What is the middle section of the small intestine?

Jejunum

What is the last section of the small intestine?

Ileum

What structures increase absorption in the small intestine?

Villi and microvilli

What is peristalsis?

Wave-like contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

Prevents stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus.

What cells produce hydrochloric acid?

Parietal cells

What cells produce pepsinogen?

Chief cells

What hormone stimulates acid secretion?

Gastrin

What is the largest digestive gland?

Liver

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

What structure filters blood?

Glomerulus

What surrounds the glomerulus?

Bowman's capsule

What vessel brings blood into the glomerulus?

Afferent arteriole

What vessel carries blood away from the glomerulus?

Efferent arteriole

What is the renal corpuscle?

Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

Concentrates urine by reabsorbing water and salts.

What is the function of the proximal tubule?

Major site of reabsorption.

What is urine?

Waste product produced by the kidneys.

What is micturition?

Urination.

What is the renal pelvis?

Funnel-shaped structure that drains urine into the ureter.

What connects the kidney to the bladder?

Ureter

What carries urine out of the body?

Urethra

What type of epithelium lines the bladder?

Transitional epithelium

Where are sperm produced?

Seminiferous tubules

What process produces sperm?

Spermatogenesis

Where do sperm mature?

Epididymis

What carries sperm from the epididymis?

Vas deferens (ductus deferens)

What gland produces alkaline fluid that nourishes sperm?

Seminal vesicle

What gland surrounds the urethra below the bladder?

Prostate gland

What gland produces lubricating secretions?

Bulbourethral gland

What is the function of the scrotum?

Maintains proper temperature for sperm production.

What is a haploid cell?

A cell containing 23 chromosomes.

What is a diploid cell?

A cell containing 46 chromosomes.

Which part of sperm contains genetic material?

Head

Which part of sperm contains mitochondria?

Midpiece

Which part of sperm provides movement?

Tail (flagellum)

What process produces eggs?

Oogenesis

What is ovulation?

Release of an oocyte from the ovary.

What structure captures the egg after ovulation?

Fimbriae

Where does fertilization usually occur?

Fallopian tube (uterine tube)

What is the function of the ovary?

Produces eggs and hormones.

What is the endometrium?

Inner lining of the uterus.

What is the myometrium?

Muscular layer of the uterus.

What is the perimetrium?

Outer layer of the uterus.

What is the corpus luteum?

Structure formed after ovulation that secretes progesterone.

What is a zygote?

Fertilized egg.

What is an embryo?

Early developing human from weeks 2–8.

What is a fetus?

Developing human from week 9 until birth.

What is the cervix?

Lower opening of the uterus into the vagina.

What are gametes?

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg).

Bolus vs Chyme

Bolus = food before stomach; Chyme = food in stomach.

Villi vs Microvilli

Villi are larger projections; microvilli are microscopic projections on cells.

Afferent vs Efferent arteriole

Afferent arrives at glomerulus; efferent exits glomerulus.

Haploid vs Diploid

Haploid = 23 chromosomes; Diploid = 46 chromosomes.

Oogenesis vs Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis produces eggs; Spermatogenesis produces sperm.

Embryo vs Fetus

Embryo = weeks 2–8; Fetus = week 9 to birth.

Endometrium vs Myometrium vs Perimetrium

Endometrium = inner lining; Myometrium = muscle layer; Perimetrium = outer layer.