Chemistry 1220 Conceptuals + Shortcut Equations

what is the equation for finding amount left with half lives

N(t) = N_o (1/2) ^(t/(t_1/2))

magic numbers of protons for stability

2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82

magic numbers of neutrons for stability

2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126

elements with a high neutron : proton ration undergo what decay process

beta emission

TRUE OR FALSE: all nuclei with 84 or more protons are radioactive

true

nuclei with a low neutron : proton ratio will undergo one of what two processes for decay

positron emission (lighter elements), electron capture

nuclei with an atomic number above 84 will undergo what type of radioactive decay

alpha emission

which type of particle has the highest mass

alpha

what type of particle has the lowest charge

beta

what type of decay has an electron particle on the left side of the equation

electron capture

what particle has no mass no charge and the highest penetrating power

gamma particle

when does a precipitate form?

when Q > Ksp

when Q = Ksp, what can be said about a reaction

it is at equilibrium

how do you calculate cell potential

Ecathode - E anode

in Le Chatliers principle, what changes and what remains the same

[A] or P will change, Kc or Kp will stay the same

reducing the volume of a gaseous mix causes the system to shift in the direction that ____ the number of moles of gas

reduces

true or false: cataylsts increase the rate of the forward reaction only

false

what is an arrhenius acid

when dissolved in H2O, increases H+ ions

what is a bronsted-lowry acid

proton donor

what is a lewis acid

electron pair acceptor

a bronsted-lowry acid must have what quality

one removable proton

a bronsted-lowry base must have at least one what

nonbonding pair of electrons

the transfer of a proton goes from strong acid to _____ base

strong

7 strong acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO2, H2SO4, HClO3, HClO4

what is false about polyproctic acids?

the 1st proton is always the hardest to remove

what is molecularity

total number of reactant molecules that collide in an elementary step

a reaction that occurs in a single step is called:

elementary reaction

what step is used to determine rate law

the slowest step

what happens to the intermediates in a reaction

they are made and then used up

what happens to catalysts in a reaction

they are used and then regenerated

what part of a potential energy graph represents the intermediates

a valley between transition states

what represents the Ea in a forward reaction on a potential energy graph

distance from reactants to transition state 1

what is an enzyme

a biological catalyst

true or false: chemical reactions with the same forward and reverse rate are at equilibrium

true

true or false: once equilibrium is achieved, the amount of each reactant and product remains constant

true

pressure is (inversly proportionate / proportionate ) to concentration for gases in a closed system

proportionate

if K > 1, the reaction favors ______

products