Alkenes

Hydration Reaction

A reaction that adds water to an alkene (C=C double bond) to form an -OH group, following Markovnikov addition. Starting molecule is an alkene. Reagents include water (H₂O) and sometimes dilute acid (H₂SO₄).

Dehydration Reaction

A reaction that removes -OH from an alcohol (R-OH) to form a double bond (alkene) or another unsaturated product. Starting molecule is an alcohol. It uses concentrated strong acids (H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄).

Hydrohalogenation

A reaction where HX (e.g., HCl, HBr) adds across an alkene's double bond following Markovnikov's rule. Starting molecule is an alkene.

Bromination Reaction

A reaction where bromine (Br₂) adds in a trans (anti) fashion across the double bond of an alkene. Starting molecule is an alkene.

Hydrohalogenation with Peroxides

Anti-Markovnikov addition of HX in the presence of peroxides, using a radical mechanism. Starting molecule is an alkene.

Halohydrin Formation

A reaction where a halogen (X₂) and water (H₂O) add across a double bond, creating one -OH and one halogen. Starting molecule is an alkene.

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Markovnikov addition of water to an alkene using an acid catalyst (e.g., dilute H₂SO₄). Starting molecule is an alkene.

Oxymercuration

Markovnikov addition using mercury(II) acetate and water, followed by NaBH₄ to form an -OH. Starting molecule is an alkene.

Hydroboration/Oxidation

Anti-Markovnikov addition with syn -OH and H addition using borane followed by H₂O₂/NaOH. Starting molecule is an alkene.

Hydrogenation

A reaction that adds H-H across the double/triple bond of alkenes/alkynes, saturating the molecule. Starting molecule can be an alkene or alkyne.

Epoxidation

Formation of a three-membered epoxide (O triangle) across a double bond using meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA). Starting molecule is an alkene.

Dihydroxylation

Adding two -OH groups in syn addition across a double bond using OsO₄ or KMnO₄. Starting molecule is an alkene.

Ozonolysis

Cleavage of the double bond in an alkene, forming carbonyl products using O₃, followed by a reducing agent. Starting molecule is an alkene.

Oxidative Cleavage

Cleavage of an alkene into carboxylic acids/ketones using KMnO₄ with acid, dependent on substitution of double bond carbon. Starting molecule is an alkene.

Diol Reaction

Addition of -OH groups across a double bond using OsO₄ or KMnO₄. Starting molecule is an alkene.

Addition with Carbene / Cyclopropanation Reaction

Formation of a three-membered ring across a double bond using diazomethane (CH₂N₂) or Zn/Cu with halocarbon (e.g., CH₂I₂). Starting molecule is an alkene.