Thẻ ghi nhớ: the development of silk industry | Quizlet

tunics

ˈtjuːnɪks/ | [Noun] Áo tunic - loại áo dài rộng ngang đùi hoặc đầu gối thời xưa. (Loose garments without sleeves, worn in ancient times) * Example: Regular citizens wore simple linen tunics.

civil servants

ˌsɪvl ˈsɜːvənts/ | [Noun] Công chức, viên chức nhà nước. (People who work for the government) * Example: Tax offices are managed by local civil servants.

subjects

ˈsʌbdʒekts/ | [Noun] Thần dân. (People who live in a country ruled by a king or queen) * Example: The king distributed food to his loyal subjects.

characters

ˈkærəktəz/ | [Noun] Chữ cái, ký tự. (Symbols or letters used in a writing system) * Example: Mandarin features thousands of unique characters.

mummy

ˈmʌmi/ | [Noun] Xác ướp. (A dead body preserved from decay, especially in ancient Egypt) * Example: The scientists examined the ancient mummy.

ambassadors

æmˈbæsədəz/ | [Noun] Sứ giả, đại sứ. (Official representatives sent by a state to a foreign country) * Example: The empire sent ambassadors to negotiate trade agreements.

manuscripts

ˈmænjuskrɪpts/ | [Noun] Bản viết tay, bản thảo cổ. (Very old books or documents written by hand) * Example: Monks preserved ancient manuscripts in hidden libraries.

textiles

ˈtekstaɪlz/ | [Noun] Vải vóc, đồ dệt may. (Any type of cloth or woven fabric) * Example: The factory specializes in exporting cotton textiles.

legions

ˈliːdʒənz/ | [Noun] Quân đoàn. (Large groups of soldiers in the ancient Roman army) * Example: Roman legions marched across Europe.

startled

ˈstɑːtld/ | [Adjective] Bị giật mình, hoảng hốt. (Suddenly shocked or frightened by a surprise) * Example: She gave a startled cry when the dog barked.

nobility

nəʊˈbɪləti/ | [Noun] Giới quý tộc. (People belonging to the highest social class; aristocrats) * Example: Members of the nobility owned vast amounts of land.

monopoly

məˈnɒpəli/ | [Noun] Sự độc quyền. (Complete control of trade in a specific commodity) * Example: The government holds a strict monopoly on oil.

cultivation

ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃn/ | [Noun] Sự trồng trọt, sự chăn nuôi/gieo trồng. (The act of growing crops or breeding insects/animals) * Example: The cultivation of the silkworm requires great care.

hollow

ˈhɒləʊ/ | [Adjective] Bị rỗng ruột, trống rỗng bên trong. (Having an empty space inside) * Example: They hidden the items inside a hollow bamboo stick.

supervision

ˌsuːpəˈvɪʒn/ | [Noun] Sự giám sát. (The act of watching and directing an activity) * Example: The project was completed under expert supervision.

spun

spʌn/ | [Verb] Nhả tơ, quay sợi. (Produced a thread by twisting fibres or secreting silk - Past of Spin) * Example: The spider spun a beautiful web.

key component

kiː kəmˈpəʊnənt/ | [Noun Phrase] Thành phần cốt lõi, yếu tố then chốt. (A vital or essential part of something) * Example: Hard work is a key component of success.

imperial workshops

ɪmˈpɪəriəl ˈwɜːkʃɒps/ | [Noun Phrase] Các xưởng hoàng gia/ngự xưởng. (Manufacturing places owned or run by an empire) * Example: Fine porcelain was created inside the imperial workshops.

bearing gifts

ˈbeərɪŋ ɡɪfts/ | [Phrase] Mang theo lễ vật/quà tặng. (Carrying or bringing presents to someone) * Example: The foreign delegation arrived bearing gifts of gold and spice.

Confidential information

ˌkɒnfɪˈdenxl ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/ | [Collocation] Thông tin mật. (Secret data or facts that should not be shared publicly) * Example: Employees must protect the company's confidential information.

Confidential documents

ˌkɒnfɪˈdenxl ˈɒkjumənts/ | [Collocation] Tài liệu mật. (Papers or files containing private, restricted records) * Example: Please put these confidential documents in the safe.

Strictly confidential

ˈstrɪktli ˌkɒnfɪˈdenxl/ | [Collocation] Hoàn toàn bảo mật / Tuyệt mật. (Having a very high level of secrecy and restriction) * Example: This report on government trade is strictly confidential.

Private and confidential

ˈpraɪvət ənd ˌkɒnfɪˈdenxl/ | [Collocation] Riêng tư và bảo mật. (Personal and secret, often written on envelopes) * Example: The letter was marked 'Private and confidential' and delivered to the director.

natural fibre

ˈnætʃrəl ˈfaɪbə(r)/ | [Collocation] Sợi tự nhiên. (Material produced by plants or animals) * Example: Silk is a natural fibre produced by a particular worm called a silkworm.

reserved exclusively for

rɪˈzɜːvd ɪkˈskluːsɪvli fɔː(r)/ | [Collocation] Dành riêng duy nhất cho. (Kept only for a specific person or group) * Example: When silk was first discovered, it was reserved exclusively for the use of the emperor.

close relations

kləʊs rɪˈleɪʃnz/ | [Collocation] Họ hàng thân thích. (Immediate family members or relatives) * Example: Only the emperor, his close relations, and top dignitaries could wear silk.

the highest dignitaries

ðə ˈhaɪɪst ɒv hɪz ˈdɪɡnɪtəriz/ | [Phrase] Những quan viên/vị chức sắc cao quý nhất. (People of the most important official status or rank) * Example: The emperor distributed fine textiles only to the highest of his dignitaries.

principal wife

ˈprɪnsəpl waɪf/ | [Collocation] Chính thất, người vợ chính. (The main or primary wife in a polygamous system) * Example: Outside the palace, the emperor, his principal wife, and the heir wore yellow.

heir to the throne

eə(r) tuː ðə θrəʊn/ | [Idiom/Phrase] Người thừa kế ngai vàng. (The person next in line to become king or emperor) * Example: The crown prince was the official heir to the throne.

came into more general use

keɪm ˈɪntuː mɔː(r) ˈdʒenrəl juːs/ | [Phrase] Trở nên phổ biến rộng rãi hơn. (Became common or widely used by regular people) * Example: Gradually silk came into more general use across different social classes.

put to industrial use

pʊt tuː ɪnˈdʌstriəl juːs/ | [Phrase] Được đưa vào sử dụng trong công nghiệp. (Applied or utilized in manufacturing and industry) * Example: Silk was quite quickly put to industrial use, such as making musical instrument strings.

principal elements

ˈprɪnsəpl ˈelɪmənts/ | [Collocation] Yếu tố chủ đạo, thành phần cốt lõi. (The primary or most important parts of a system/economy) * Example: Silk rapidly became one of the principal elements of the Chinese economy.

ceased to be

siːst tuː biː/ | [Verb Phrase] Không còn là... nữa. (Stopped existing as or being something) * Example: During the Han dynasty, silk ceased to be a mere fabric and became a form of currency.

mere fabric

mɪə(r) ˈfæbrɪk/ | [Collocation] Chỉ là một tấm vải thuần túy. (Nothing more than just a piece of cloth) * Example: It was no longer a mere fabric; it held immense economic value.

outstanding services

aʊtˈstændɪŋ ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/ | [Collocation] Những đóng góp/đại công lao xuất sắc. (Excellent or exceptional contributions to a state or group) * Example: Silk was used to reward subjects for their outstanding services.

precious commodity

ˈpreʃəs kəˈmɒdəti/ | [Collocation] Hàng hóa quý giá. (A highly valuable raw material or product) * Example: Silk became a precious commodity, highly sought after by other countries.

highly sought after

ˈhaɪli sɔːt ˈɑːftə(r)/ | [Collocation] Được săn đón, ưa chuộng nhiệt tình. (Wanted by many people and hard to get) * Example: High-quality textiles from the East were highly sought after in Rome.

earliest evidence

ˈɜːliɪst ˈevɪdəns/ | [Collocation] Bằng chứng sớm nhất. (The oldest available proof or indication of something) * Example: An Egyptian mummy provides the earliest evidence of the silk trade.

alarmed by the threat of invasion

əˈlɑːmd baɪ ðə θret ɒv ɪnˈveɪʒn/ | [Phrase] Lo sợ/báo động trước nguy cơ bị xâm lược. (Frightened or worried by the danger of being attacked) * Example: Buddhist monks, alarmed by the threat of invasion, sealed precious manuscripts in caves.

fabulous fabric

ˈfæbjələs ˈfæbrɪk/ | [Collocation] Loại vải tuyệt diệu/tuyệt hảo. (An extraordinary, incredible, or wonderful cloth) * Example: Roman legions were amazed when they first set eyes upon the fabulous fabric.

set eyes upon

set aɪz əˈpɒn/ | [Idiom/Phrase] Nhìn thấy, chứng kiến. (Saw or looked at something, often for the first time) * Example: They were the first Europeans to set eyes upon Chinese silk.

fled in panic

fled ɪn ˈpænɪk/ | [Phrase] Tháo chạy trong hoảng loạn. (Ran away quickly because of overwhelming fear) * Example: The soldiers were so startled by the bright banners that they fled in panic.

widely worn by

ˈwaɪdli wɔːn baɪ/ | [Collocation] Được mặc rộng rãi bởi... (Dressed in or used by a large number of people) * Example: Within decades, Chinese silks were widely worn by the rich.

without distinction

wɪˈðaʊt dɪˈstɪŋkʃn/ | [Idiom/Phrase] Không phân biệt đối xử, bình đẳng như nhau. (Uniformly, making no exception or difference for anyone) * Example: The use of silk has now spread to all classes without distinction.

lost their monopoly on

lɒst ðeə(r) məˈnɒpəli ɒn/ | [Collocation] Mất đi vị thế độc quyền về... (Lost exclusive control or ownership over a market or product) * Example: The Chinese eventually lost their monopoly on silk production.

waves of immigrants

weɪvz ɒv ˈɪmɪɡrənts/ | [Collocation] Những làn sóng người nhập cư. (Large groups of people arriving in a new area at the same time) * Example: Knowledge of silk reached Korea when waves of Chinese immigrants arrived there.

obtained secretly

əbˈteɪnd ˈsiːkrətli/ | [Collocation] Có được một cách lén lút/bí mật. (Got or acquired something in a hidden, confidential way) * Example: The monks arrived with silkworm eggs which they had obtained secretly.

monopolising production

məˈnɒpəlaɪzɪŋ prəˈdʌkʃn/ | [Collocation] Độc quyền sản xuất. (Completely controlling the manufacturing process so others cannot compete) * Example: The Byzantine state created workshops, monopolising production and keeping the secret.

undercutting the market

ˌʌndəˈkʌtɪŋ ðə ˈmɑːkɪt/ | [Phrase] Bán phá giá/bán rẻ hơn thị trường. (Selling goods at a lower price than competitors to gain an advantage) * Example: This allowed a new industry to be established, undercutting the market for ordinary silk.

mastered the art of

ˈmɑːstəd ði ɑːt ɒv/ | [Collocation] Trở thành bậc thầy/thành thạo nghệ thuật gì. (Became completely proficient or skilled at a specific craft) * Example: By the sixth century, the Persians had mastered the art of silk weaving.

widespread throughout

ˈwaɪdspred θruːˈaʊt/ | [Collocation] Lan rộng/phổ biến khắp... (Existing or happening in many places across a region) * Example: Eventually, silk production became widespread throughout Europe.

man-made fibres

mæn meɪd ˈfaɪbəz/ | [Collocation] Sợi nhân tạo. (Synthetic or artificial materials made by humans) * Example: World silk production doubled in spite of man-made fibres replacing certain uses.

leading producer

ˈliːdɪŋ prəˈdjuːsə(r)/ | [Collocation] Nhà sản xuất hàng đầu. (The top or most dominant manufacturer of a specific product) * Example: China once again became the world's leading producer of natural silk.