Module 2

Self-Esteem

Evaluation of one's own worth, which can be positive or negative.

Positive Self-Esteem

Valuation that is pleasing and acceptable.

Negative Self-Esteem

Feelings of being distraught or unaccepted.

Factors Influencing Self-Esteem

Completion of important tasks or feeling valued by others can enhance self-esteem.

Self-Esteem Reflection

Reflects a sense of worth, not superiority over others (Diener & Lucas, 2017).

Self-Esteem Fluctuation

Changes based on daily life situations and personal perceptions.

Measurement of Self-Esteem

Can be tested explicitly and implicitly.

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

A common explicit measure; higher scores indicate higher self-esteem.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed and perform well in various life areas (Syrett, 2020).

Distinction of Self-Efficacy

Focuses on specific goals and outcomes, unlike self-esteem.

Performance Experiences

Success boosts confidence; failure can diminish it.

Vicarious Performances

Observing others succeed enhances belief in one's own abilities.

Verbal Persuasion

Encouragement or discouragement from others affects self-efficacy.

Imaginal Performances

Visualizing success can lead to actual success.

Affective States

Emotional and physical states can impact self-efficacy; positive states lead to positive outcomes.

Concept of Self

William James' idea that "The self is what happens when I reflect upon ME."

Self as Reflective Project

Taylor's view of the self influenced by various factors.

Self as Social Actor

Adapting behavior for social acceptance based on audience.

Self as Motivated Agent

Acting based on personal dreams and goals, often self-conceptualized.

Self as Autobiographical Author

Creating one's life story, influenced by past experiences and future aspirations.

Decision-Making Process

Individuals often rely on intuition and available information, which can hinder wise decision-making (Jhangiani, 2020).

Critical Thinking

Recommended for better judgment in decision-making.

Common Decision-Making Biases

Over-reliance on instincts and biased data entry into decision-making processes.

Rational Decision-Making Steps

A structured approach to making informed choices (Bazerman & Moore, 2013).

Define the Problem

Identify the most desired course in decision-making.

Identify Criteria

List factors to consider in decision-making (e.g., location, facilities).

Weight the Criteria

Rank the importance of each criterion in decision-making.

Generate Alternatives

List the accepted options available for consideration.

Rate Each Alternative

Evaluate each option against the established criteria.

Compute the Optimal Decision

Make a well-informed choice based on ratings.