CS008 | Quiz #4

What was ARPA?

• Advanced Research Projects Agency created by the Department of Defense in 1950s

Why did ARPA research networking in the 1960s?

• to create a reliable network that could survive disruptions like nuclear attacks

what was ARPNET?

• first major computer network & precursor to the Internet ***

When was the first ARPANET message sent?

• October 20th, 1969

  • between UCLA & SRI

What happened during the first ARPANET message?

• system crashed on the third letter

How many ARPANET nodes existed by Decemember 5th, 1969?

• 4 “nodes”

  • UCLA

  • Stanford

  • Uni of Utah

  • UCSB

What was ARPANET’s bandwidth?

• 56 kbps

What other networks (beside ARPANET) used different technologies?

• NPL, Merit, CYCLADES, X.25

Why was packet switching developed?

• to allow different computer networks to communicate reliaby

What is Packet Switching?

• method where messages are divided into individual packets & sent independently through a network in mid 1970s

What are some facts about Packet Switching?

• every packet is the same size

• every packet has a header & arbitrary data

• each packet is transmitted & routed independently (using routers)

• no single point of failure (decentralized & more robust)

Why is pocket switching different from circuit switching?

• unlike pocket switching, circuit switching has a single point of failure

When was email created?

• 1965; predates the Internet

What was adapted for the ARPANET after its creation, becoming its first “service”?

• email

What symbol became a part of modern email in 1971?

• The @ symbol

  • to separate mailbox (i.e. user) names from host names

What were USENet Newsgroups?

• early online discussion boards organized by topic

  • divided into topics/ can post articles to newsgroup

  • bulletin board system (forums)

  • no central server or administrators

What does MUD stand for?

• multi-user dungeons

What is MUD?

• 1st online RPG (role-playing)

• online player can chat w/ each other

• text-based (No graphics)

What is TCP/IP?

• finalized in 1978

  • set of communication protocols that made it possible to join almost any network together

When did the term “internet” first appear?

• 1974

  • not adopted into global network until 1980s

When did the modern Internet officially begin?

• January 1, 1981

  • when TCP/IP become \ official communications standard on ARPANET & other networks

What is CSNET?

• network created in 1981 to connect universities

What happened in 1983?

• URLs are created

When did MILNET split from the APRANET?

• 1983

What marked the beginning of “hacker culture” in popular culture?

• 1983; with the release of “War Times”

What was NSFNET?

• a backbone network connecting supercomputers across the U.S.

  • created in 1986

What did the expanded use of NSFNET allow?

• the ARPANET to be decommissioned

• in 1990

In what way did home users to connect to the Internet?

• Through Internet Service Providers

  • dial-up (slow 56kbps)

    • crucial in getting home users used to being online

What caused the Internet to become popular and easier in the 1990s?

• world wide web & graphical web browsers

What happened in 1995?

• final restrictions on accessing the Internet lifted

What was Mosaic?

• 1st GUI-based web browser released in 1993

  • non-commercial (free)

What was Netscape Navigator?

• based on mosaic (1994)

  • 1st commercial browser based on Mosaic

What is Microsoft Internet Explorer?

• free & included w/ MS-Windows (1995)

Because the web suddenly became popular what happened?

• investors became eager to invest @ any valuation

  • in almost any “dot com” company

• Traditional metrics for valuing companies overlooked

  • spent $$ on advertising & promotions

What happened to NASDAQ stock market in 1995-2000?

• stock market rose 400%

In March 10, 2000; NASDAQ peaks at what?

• 5,048

What happened in April 2000 to NASDAQ stock market?

• started failing

When did internet stocks decline by 75%?

• by november, 2000

When did NASDAQ hit its lowest level at 1,114 (down 78%)?

• October 9, 2002

  • layoffs became common

What was the dot-com bubble?

• period of massive investment in Internet Companies during the 1990s

Why did many dot-come companies fail?

• focused on rapid growth instead of profitability

Name Companies that survived the dot-com crash?

• Amazon, Google, & eBay

What is “mobile internet”?

• refers to access to the Internet via a cellular telephone service provider

When did mobile Internet growth accelerate?

• 2010

  • shift to mobile access began 2007

How did the Internet grow over time?

• 1993: internet accounted for 1% of info flowing through 2-way telecommunication networks

• 2000: 51%

• 2007: 97%

How did the Internet evolve over time?

• changed from military network(intended) → (til 1990s) educational network —→ commercial one

What is the difference between Internet & the Web?

• internet: network of interconnected computers

• web: service that runs on it (e-mail, chat, newsgroups, VOIP)

What is the bandwidth?

• rate of data transfer of a network

  • measured in Kilobits (Kbps),Megabits(Mbps),Gigabits (Gbps)