A&P Hematology and Cardiology

what CT is blood classified as

speacialized CT

functions of blood (2)

transporting substances (o2 and co2 between lungs and tissues)

homeostasis

how much is blood volume

5 liters

what are 2 components of blood volume

solid cells/formed elements and liquid plasma

what is solid cells/formed elements mostly and what is it referred to as

mostly RBC, referred to as hematocrit (45%)

what does liquid plasma contain

nutrients, electrolytes, proteins (55%)

what is the buffy coat

WBC and platelets, ~1%

what are the 3 types of blood cells

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

what are erythrocytes? (give function, structure, what they contain, life span)

RBC

carry oxygen

biconcave disks, contain hemoglobin, anucleate

120 day life span

leukocytes

WBC
protect against disease

5 types

thrombocytes

platelets

involved in clotting

fragments of giant cells

what is hemolysis

RBC destruction

hemolysis steps

• liver and spleen macrophages destroy worn RBCs

• hemoglobin is broken down into heme (iron + biliverdin) and globin (protein)

  • iron is recycled

  • biliverdin → biliruben

heme

iron and biliverdin

globin

protein

what is erythropoiesis

RBC production

what is needed for erythropoiesis

iron, vitamin B12, folic acid

what kind of feedback loop is erythropoiesis

negative

what hormone does erythropoiesis involve

erythropoietin

what is the oxygen level detected by in erythropoiesis

liver and kidney

what happens if the liver and kidneys detect the oxygen level is low

they produce erythropoietin to cause bone marrow to produce RBC

what are the 2 categories of WBC

granulocytes and agranulocytes

what do granulocytes have

granular cytoplasm, granules are sacs of enzymes

3 types of granulocyte WBC (never eat bananas)

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

neutrophils

engulf pathogens through phagocytosis

increase during bacterial infection

make pus when they die

eosinophils

attracted to parasites

involved w allergic reactions

basophils

releasee heparin and histamine (prevent clots and increase blood flow)

play role in allergic reactions

2 types of agranular WBC (like monkeys)

leukocytes, monocytes

leukocytes

key to the immune system

makes antibodies to attack foreign substances

differentiate into T-cells and B-cells

monocytes

phagocytosis of large particles

half stored in spleen

macrophages when they migrate from blood stream

LARGEST WBC

hemostasis meaning in the unit

stopping bleeding of blood vessel

3 steps to hemostasis

1. blood vessel spasm or vasospasm - vessel walls constrict

2. platelet plug forms

   1. platelets release serotonin and thromboxane, increase platelets

3. blood coagulation (clotting)

   1. PF3 converts prothrombin into thrombin

   2. thrombin cuts fibrinogen into fibrin, which catches RBC like net

antigens

determine blood group, located on RBC

antibodies

located in plasma, made by immune system to remove foreign antigens

type A antigen

A-antigen

type A antibodies

anti-B

type A compatible donors

A, O

type A genotypes

IA IA, IA i

tupe B antigen

B-antigen

type B antibodies

anti-A

type B compatible donors

B, O

type B genotype

IB IB, IB i

type AB antigen

both

type AB

none

type AB compatible donors

AB, A, B, O

type AB genotype

IA IB

type O antigen

none

type O antibodies

Anti-A, anti-B

type O compatible donors

O

type O genotype

i i

universal donor

type O

universal recipent

type AB

when does agglutination (clumping) occur

when receiver of blood has antibodies against donor

where is the heart located

mediastinum

where is base of heart

second rib

where is apex of heart

diaphragm

3 coverings (pericardium) of heart

enclose the heart, visceral p, parietal p, fibrous p

visceral pericardium/epicardium

innermost, covers heart

parietal pericardium

inner lining

fibrous pericardium

outermost, prevents stretching

3 layers of the wall of the heart

epicedium, myocardium, endocardium

epicardium

protects the heart

myocardium

thick middle layer, cardiac muscle tissue, bulk of heart

endocardium

thin inner layer, lines chambers and valves

4 chambers of the heart

2 artier - upper

2 ventricles - lower

pulmonary circuit

pathway of deoxygenated blood thru heart and lungs

systemic circuit

sends oxygenated blood to all body cells and removes waste

coronary circuit

nourishes heart

atria

receiving chambers

ventricles

discharging chambers (pumps)

atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral

tricuspid valve

AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle

3 cusps

chordae tendinae - “heart strings”

chordae tendinae/”heart strings”

anchor cusps to ventricular walls

originate from papillary muscles

bicuspid/mitral valve

AV valve between left atrium and left ventricle

2 cusps

semilunar (SL) valves

pulmonary valve and aortic valve

pulmonary valve

SL valve that allows blood to leave the RV and enter the pulmonary trunk

aortic valve

SL valve that allows blood to leave the LV and enter the aorta

arteries function

arteries away!

carry oxygenated blood away

veins function

return deoxygenated blood to heart

right and left pulmonary arteries (what makes them special?)

ONLY arteries that carry deoxygenated blood

right and left pulmonary veins

ONLY veins that carry oxygenated blood

cardiac cycle

series of events associated with 1 heartbeat

2 parts of cardiac cycle

systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)

atrial systole

AV opened, SL closed

ventricular systole

SL open, AV closeda

atrial diastole

SL open, AV closed

ventricular diastole

AV open, SL closed

what are the heart sounds associated with

closing of valves

lubb = AV closing, dupp = SL closing

average BP

120/80

120 signigicance (from average BP)

systolic number, represents the blood forced through arteries

80 significance (from average BP)

diastolic number, represents pressure in arteries when heart is at rest

murmur

abnormal heart sound

ischemia

reduction of blood flow

cardiac conduction system

specialized tissue that runs electricity through the heart (causes heart to beat)

steps of the cardiac conduction system (CCS)

1. sinoatrial node (S-A node)

2. atrioventricular node (A-V node)

3. atrioventricular (AV) bundle/bundle of his

4. right and left bundle branches

5. purkinje fibers

sinoatrial (S-A) node step of CCS

pacemaker of heart, sets pace to 60-100 bpm

both atria contract

atrioventricular (A-V) node of CCS

temporary delay allowing more time for atria to contract

transmits impulse to bundle of his (AV bundle)

AV bundle/bundle of his (CCS)

electrical connection between atria and ventricles

impulse enters the R&L bundle branches

R&L bundle branches (CCS)

lead downward toward apex

impulse reaches the purkinje fibers

purkinje fibers (CCS)

located in papillary muscles

cause ventricles to contract (force blood out)