Political Power, Authority, Ideologies, and Political Systems

First face of power

ability to make decisions ( Individual A has power over B to get B to make a decision based on A's preference)

Second face of power

The ability to ensure issues are not raised ( Inability to make decisions), in this case individual A does not let individual speak on decisions and excludes them.

Third face of power

Ability to impose dominant ideas in society (ideological power), Individual B makes decisions but changes mind when hearing Individual A.

Charismatic Authority

Able to persuade, inspire and influence

Traditional Authority

Based on long standing tradition and long standing customs.

Legal-rational authority

based on laws and rules.

Political ideology

It's a perspective/ normative. Belief on how the world should be.Pros: Provides coherent thoughts and consistency Negatives: Can be dogmatic, and can be quite simplistic.

Political culture

Ideas, beliefs, traditions, and practices that provide foundation for the political system. Influences how gov operates and citizens participate.

Liberalism

Individual freedoms, Potential for people in power to abuse power. Establish laws (rule of law) public vs private social sphere. Unrestrained power on leaders.

Parochial culture

Not having expectations of gov; not participating, low awareness, expectations.

Classical liberalism

Locke, Social contract theory (rule of people), Laissez faire economic system (economic freedom). Limited gov. People are free and equal

Subject political culture

People not politically active are aware of the political system and policies that gov adopts.

Laissez-faire economic system

Advocating for as little participation of the government when it comes to economics! (invisible hand)

Participant political culture

People play an active role; expect political system will deliver

Reform liberalism

Limited scope laissez faire, social justice , government address inequalities, affirmative actions.

Civic culture

Mix of subject and participant political roles; respect gov authority, participate through voting.criticisms: justification of status quo.

Neo-liberalism

Applying free market (privatize gov services), not sustainable, Individuals have more autonomy to choose. Not sustainable

Political efficacy

Impact political decisions and that gov is responsive to what people want.

Conservatism

Created by Edmund Burke. Strong gov order (order tradition), religious morals. Sus of equality

Political socialization

What processes developed political values, major agent: interaction with others. State directed socialization

The New Right

Free market economics and limited gov, traditional culture. Equalities weak. Policies based on religious values. Military action against rogue states.

Materialist values

Economic and physical security, order.

Socialism

Harshness of capitalism, undermines community oriented nature, collective ownership of means of production, inequality (power relations of society) VS. reform liberalism; collective vs private ownership

Postmaterialist values

Non economic goals, freedom of expression, environment.

Marxism

Exploitation of subordinate classes, bourgeoisie and proletariat, organised and revolutionary force, classless society.

Environmentalism

The idea that humanity needs to change its relationship to nature. Causes: control nature and use for benefit. Change in relationship between humans and environment. Prob: could deprive people in less developed countries

Leninism

Argued that capitalist society can only be overthrown with force through a disciplined party.

Reform environmentalism

Better science and tech, less polluting tech. Economic growth and env. protection.

Democratic socialism

Socialism should be achieved by socialism replacing the capitalist economic system (public ownership of key industrities), and advocating gov provision.

Free-market environmentalism

Private owners of farms, forests. Views: competition fosters efficiency. Profits turn blind eye to degradation

Social Democracy

Reform capitalist, social and economic equality, welfare state (regulation of market economy) prefer global justice.

Deep ecology

Cultivation of env. Consciousness and sense of oneness. Views anthropocentrism as cause of env. degradation. Reduction in human pop (small community)

Anarchism

View state as source of oppression, replace state with communal state.emphasizes cooperation, mutual aid. Elimination of state and private property (spanish civil)

Social ecology

Social, economic, and political relationship of hierarchy. Creating an egalitarian and cooperative society is needed to end domination within societies. Small.

Fascism

Absolute loyalty, totalitarian control of state, racist. State entity composed of members.strong to dominate weak.

Ecofeminism

Male dominance as cause of degradation, repercussion of female empowerment.

Nazism

Racial superiority, Aryan master race. Revive the Aryan race. Jews viewed as racial enemy

Populism

Shifting power from elites to people, rejects pluralism; simplifies the political landscape. (people vs corrupt elite) simple solutions. Moral fight.

Feminism

Feminist politics aim to challenge, dismantle and or change patriarchy.

Left-wing populism

Attack wealthy and large corporations (socialism), advocate policies that benefit the poor and working class.

Liberal feminism

discrimination against women limits opportunities. To end unjust laws there must be equality in education/employment.

Right-wing populism

The issues lay in national identity, immigration, and preserving traditional values. Anti-environmentalism, anti globalization.

Socialist feminism

Oppressed by both male-dominated character of society, House work unpaid labour for capitalist society, liberation of women involve struggle.

Radical feminism

Patriarchy; deeply embedded in culture. Oppression of women, connected with other forms of oppression

Mass political parties

challenges elite, support from regular members, strongly organized. Focused on the working class and rights.

Cadre political parties

electing members to legislative bodies, loosely organized, support of local notables, limited link b/t people and state.

Preferential ballot

electoral system in which voters rank candidates in order of preference. If First does not get a majority, the person with least votes gets kicked. People's second option is then voted for and the process continues till the majority. (plurality system)

Iron law of oligarchy

all organizations, even if they seem democratic inevitable become dominated by a small group of leaders.

Proportional representation

the proportion of seats a party receives in the legislature reflects the proportion of votes obtained.

Electoral-professional party

dominant concern is winning elections that rely on professional experts to market the party to voters. Avoid clear ideas.

Closed-list PR

individual legislative selected based on order of placement on list of candidates.(party decides)

Brokerage party

compromises and tries to accommodate many interests, building broad support, focus on winning elections

Open-list PR

allows voters to indicate which candidate they would prefer

Programmatic party

Clear ideological platform, coherent goals. More focus on principled goals.

Single Transferable Vote System

Multi-member districts, Voters rank candidates (1,2,3 etc.) from any party Candidates must reach a quota to be elected; Ireland

Personalistic party

One single powerful leader, combined with weak party organization.

State

independent self governing political party whose governing institutions have capabilities to make rules.

Two-party system

the two major parties contend to control the government resulting in a majority,(US, Jamaica).

Sovereignty

principles states see themselves as the highest power 1. States claim to be highest authority 2. States not subject to external authority.

Three or more parties

two plus party system, two major parties with smaller parties ex: UK, Canada

De jure sovereignty

The legal and recognized authority of the state to govern itself and make decisions independently, without external interference

Moderate multiparty system

: 3-5 significant parties coalition government are stable, different ideological views; Germany Sweden

De facto sovereignty

The actual control and exercise of power by a state, regardless of its legal recognition or legitimacy.

Fragmented multiparty system

5 or more parties No single party dominates; coalition of political parties; hung parliament

State vs. Government

think captain and ship, government steers the state, no matter what government, the ship stays.

One party dominant system

a singular party leads for long periods of time, as opposing parties are too weak to overthrow.

UN

mission to maintain peace. 6 main organs: General Assembly, security counsel, economic and social counsels, ICJ, Secretariat, trusteeship council.

Party caucus

party supporters meet and discuss candidates, closed door meeting of parties parliamentary members (PM and cabinet part of this).

P5

US, UK, France, Russia, China part of the security counsel. Permanent members while 10 rotating. Controversial cause why these 5?

Universal suffrage

right of all citizens to vote

Failed States

A state that is unable to enforce laws, protect itself or provide basic services. Ex: Trump calling Cuba failed state (bad)

Gerrymandering

the manipulation of the division of the country into electoral districts as to benefit a particular party.

Nation

defined as a group of people who share a common identity who believe they should self govern

Nation-state

a sovereign state based on people who share a sense of being apart of the same nation

Classical federalism

strict, limited scope of power and exclusive division of power, mutually exclusive

Cabinet solidarity

Fully supports and defends any decisions made by the cabinet

Premier-presidential

PM and cabinet removed by vote of legislature (france)

Boycotts

act of nonviolent abstention from a product for certain moral reasons ex: civil rights movement

Cooperative federalism

collaborate to discuss problems and issues within government

Coalition governments

coalition agreement negotiated between the parties that form a coalition government; Switzerland (coalition of 4 parties since 1959;

Cohabitation

President and PM come from different political parties. From France semi presidential system

Second strike capability

complee annihilation with the use of nuclear weapons

Confederal system

Sovereign states, delegate some authority to a joint government; retaining sovereignty, institution of confederation.

Prorogation

ending a session to reset government agenda, effectively suspends all withstanding votes or bills. Parliament stays. (vs dissolution which is a formal act of ending parliament)

Classical realism

humans have a natural lust for power, human nature drives conflict.

Civil disobedience

when a group or individual chooses not to abide by the law, non violent ex: gandhi

Collective responsibility

WIll support/defend any action made by the government in parliament (cabinet)

Neorealism

system forces states to pursue power, structure of international system explains power

Fukuyama's 'end of history'

No more ideological alternatives, the endpoint of ideology. Future conflicts will be less ideological.

Guerilla warfare

hit and run tactics used by a group of people who oppose a government, lightly armed. Has some political power

Cabinet secrecy

Cabinet confidences document briefing notes, 20 years of secrecy

Filibuster

Prolong debate on topics to postpone a bill, longest was 20 minute speeches.

Cloture

to break a filibuster, senators must file a cloture motion, after two days if cloture votes high. Bill moves forward.

Political violence

1. Tactic chosen by an organisation 2. Governments can use violence against citizens 3. Unplanned side effects.

Executive order

issued by president, able to bypass legislations and is used to respond to emergencies, address national issues quickly. Ex: venezuela boat strike

Collective security (liberalism)

Sovereignty is changing, states responsible for protecting human rights. Reject power politics.

Terrorism

Deliberate targeting of the innocent; Instill fear among the population ex; 9/11

Impeachment

Remove based on illegal behaviour, 1. After investigation of the judicial committee, the majority in the house passes articles of impeachment 2. After a trial, the senate needs two-thirds to reach a guilty verdict.

Realism

Survival of fittest, competitive, national interest most important, what's tangible is military and power while ideologies are not real.

Classical Security dilemma

increasing military strength leads to insecurity to stop war through international law, maximize military power.