Pysch - The Brain

The Hindbrain

Includes pons, medulla, and cerebellum

Pons

involved in sleep, waking, as well as breathing and coordinating muscle movements. If damaged it makes you slow to do things.

medulla

controls vitals, heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting. Saliva bodily functions like swallowing, breathings, heart rate, salivating, coughing and sneezing they all occur automatically, essential for survival. Damage to it makes it hard to swallow.

cerebellum

coordinates fine muscle movements and reglates posture and balance. Damage to it makes it difficult to move smoothly, balance, and speaking without slurring.

The Midbrain

Integrates sensory info.

handles all sensory info that passes through the forebrain and spinal cord. involved in movement to auditory signals. when damaged it includes a coma.

Forebrain

processing complex information, higher cognitive functions, sensory perception, voluntary motor actions, and the regulation of basic survival drives like hunger, thirst, and body temperature.

Hypothalamus

vital role in maintaining the body’s internal environment by regulating relsease of hromones and influences behaviours. damage can result in inability to regulate internal body functions, problems with sleep, urge to eat or uncontrollable anger.

Thalamus

The thalamus is a small part of the brain that acts like a “relay station.” It receives information from the senses (such as sight, sound, touch, and taste) and sends it to the correct parts of the brain to be processed. It also helps control alertness, attention, and sleep. Damage to the thalamus can cause problems with movement, memory, senses, and alertness.

Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain that controls thinking, memory, senses, emotions, speech, and voluntary movement.

Cerebral hemispheres

The cerebral hemispheres are the two halves of the brain that control thinking, movement, senses, and different body functions

Left and Right hemispheres

The left hemisphere mainly controls language, logic, and the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere mainly controls creativity, emotions, spatial skills, and the left side of the body.

Frontal lobe

The frontal lobe controls decision-making, problem-solving, emotions, speech, and voluntary movement. Covers the outser space of the cerebrum.

prefrontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex helps with planning, decision-making, self-control, personality, and thinking.

Primary motor cortex

The primary motor cortex controls voluntary movements of the body, such as moving muscles in the arms and legs.

Brocas area

Broca’s area is responsible for producing speech and helping you form words and sentences.

The Parietal lobe

The parietal lobe processes touch, temperature, pain, and helps you understand where your body is in space. The left and right parietal lobes process touch and spatial awareness, with each side mainly receiving sensory information from the opposite side of the body.

the occipital lobe

Located at the baxk of the head. The occipital lobe processes visual information, helping you see and understand what you are looking at.

Primary visual cortex

The primary visual cortex is the part of the brain that first receives and processes visual information from the eyes.

the temporal lobe

The temporal lobe processes hearing, language understanding, and memory.

Wernickes area

Wernicke’s area is responsible for understanding language, both spoken and written. Located in the left temporal lobe, and damage to it can cause difficulty understanding language and producing fluent but meaningless speech, wernickes aphasia.

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to change and reorganise itself by forming new neural connections, especially after learning or injury. the brain does not change shape, changes happen in the synapse, therefor microscopic.

Rerouting & Sprouting

neurons can abandon lost connection to seek a new active neuron, and grow additional dendrites to reach new neurons.

Developmental plasticity

Developmental plasticity is the brain’s ability to change and grow as a person develops, especially during childhood when the brain is still forming and adapting.

Adaptive plasticity

Refers to changes in neural connection due to experience and/or compensate for damage/injury.

neurogenesis

the prodcution of new neurons in the brain, thet migrate to brain areas. adult nerogenesis has been found to occur in he hoppocampus and amygdala.

Story of Jody

She started experiencing epilectic seizures when she was 3 years old. Lost copntrol of her left side of her body after taking out the right side of her brain. She was diagnosed with rasmussens encephalitis.

Cameron Mott

Cameron had up to 10 seizures a day. Had to remove the right side of her brain and also had the same thing as Jody. was paralysed on left side of body after surgery. She had to do 10hrs a week after her surgery.

Impact of an acquired brain injury

An acquired brain injury can cause changes in thinking, memory, movement, emotions, and behaviour, depending on which part of the brain is damaged and how severe the injury is. Damage can impare the normal functioning of our brain. Brain injury sustained after birth.

Impact on biological functions

An acquired brain injury can disrupt biological functions like movement, sensation, speech, memory, and basic body control depending on the area of the brain affected. Impacts are sezires and movement impairments.

Impact on psychological funtions

An acquired brain injury can affect psychological functions like memory, attention, thinking, emotions, and behaviour. Impact is memory loss, personality changes etc.

Impact of social factors

Social factors can affect recovery from a brain injury by influencing the support a person receives, their relationships, and their ability to return to school, work, or normal life.

Phinease Gage - How he changes psychologically, socially and biologiocally

Phineas Gage changed biologically because his frontal lobe was damaged, affecting brain tissue and his ability to control impulses and plan.

Psychologically, he became more impulsive, less able to regulate emotions, and showed changes in personality and decision-making.

Socially, his behaviour changes made it harder for him to maintain relationships and his job, leading to social difficulties and isolation.

Aphasia

language disorder from an acquired brain injury to and area responsible for speech production.