A&P Exam Midterm

Stratum corneum

The most superficial layer of the epidermis.

Stratum lucidum

The layer of the epidermis deep to the stratum corneum and superficial to the stratum granulosum in thick skin.

Stratum granulosum

The layer of the epidermis deep to the stratum lucidum and superficial to the stratum spinosum.

Stratum spinosum

The layer of the epidermis deep to the stratum granulosum and superficial to the stratum basale.

Stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis deep to the stratum spinosum and superficial to the dermis.

Papillary layer

The superficial layer of the dermis.

Reticular layer

The deep layer of the dermis.

Thick skin

Type of skin that lacks hair follicles and has a stratum lucidum.

Synovial membrane

The only membrane that lacks epithelial cells.

Serous membrane

The type of membrane that surrounds the heart.

Cutaneous membrane

The type of membrane that is the skin.

Synovial fluid

The fluid found within synovial membranes.

Virus

The type of pathogen that causes chicken pox.

Bacteria

The type of pathogen that causes impetigo.

Fungus

The type of pathogen that causes ringworm.

Tinea

A term implying that the pathogen is a fungus.

-itis

Suffix meaning inflammation.

Keratinocytes

The type of cells that make up the epidermis.

Lumbar vertebrae

There are 5 lumbar vertebrae.

Ilium

The part of the pelvic girdle that articulates with the femur.

Tibia

The weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.

Ulna

The lower arm bone that articulates with the humerus.

Fontanel

Where an infant’s pulse can be felt through on their skull.

Thoracic vertebrae

There are 12 thoracic vertebrae.

Lambdoidal suture

The suture that separates the occipital bone from other cranial bones.

Cervical vertebrae

There are 7 cervical vertebrae.

Radius

The lower arm bone that articulates with the carpals.

Clavicle and scapula

The two bones that make up the shoulder complex.

Pelvic girdle

Composed of ilium, ischium, pubis.

Calcaneus

The tarsal commonly known as the heel bone.

Patella

Commonly known as the knee cap.

Cranium

Made up of flat bones.

Facial and cranial

The two bone classifications of the skull.

Inferior

The opposite of superior.

Pollex

Another name for the thumb.

Frontal plane

The plane in which adduction occurs.

Medial

Means toward the midline of the body.

Anatomical position

The position in which you should assume your body is unless stated otherwise.

Acid

Has a pH of less than 7.

Anaphase

The stage where sister chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

Ribosome

The organelle that synthesizes proteins.

Body tissues

The four types are nervous, muscular, connective, and neural.

Dorsal cavities

The cranial and spinal cavities.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right halves.

Muscle tissue

The three types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Pennate muscle

A type of skeletal muscle with fibers that do not cross.

Zygomaticus

The muscle known as the 'smiling muscle'.

Pennate fiber arrangements

Include unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate.

Isometric contraction

A type of contraction with no change in muscle length.

Acetylcholine

The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle.

Eccentric contraction

Occurs when the agonist contracts/lengthens while the antagonist relaxes.

CNS

Stands for central nervous system.

PNS

Stands for peripheral nervous system.

Efferent nerves

Carry impulses from the CNS out to the muscles and glands.

Afferent nerves

Carry impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS.

Schwann cells

Cells that make the myelin sheath in the PNS.

Oligodendrocytes

Cells that make the myelin sheath in the CNS.

Reflexes categories

Somatic and autonomic.

Polarized nerve

When the inside of the cell membrane is more negative than the outside.

Depolarized nerve

When the outside of the cell membrane is more negative or the inside is more positive.

Refractory period

The time it takes for an action potential to stop and repolarization to happen.

Cranial nerve II

Also known as the optic nerve.

Sight

The function of cranial nerve II.

Cranial nerve IV

Also known as the trochlear nerve.

Eye movements

The function of cranial nerve IV.

Gray matter

The nonmyelinated tissue in the cerebrum.

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Divides the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe.

Longitudinal fissure

Divides the cranium into left and right hemispheres.

White matter

The myelinated tissue in the cerebrum.

Tarsal glands

Secrete an oily substance and are located in the eyelids.

Conjunctiva

The external membrane that covers the exposed eyeball and lines the eyelid.

Medial rectus

The muscle responsible for medial eye motion.

Extrinsic muscles

The name given to the muscles of the eye.

Retina

The innermost layer of the eye.

Optic chiasma

Where the optic nerves cross.

Hyperopia

Age-related farsightedness.

Macular degeneration

Progressive loss of central vision.

Auditory canal

Another name for the external acoustic meatus.

Eardrum

Another name for the tympanic membrane.

Ossicles

The body’s three smallest bones.

Malleus

The ossicle that transmits sound from the tympanic membrane to the anvil.

Semicircular canals

Structure in the inner ear that helps with balance and contains receptor hair cells.

Endolymph

The type of fluid filling the membranous labyrinth.

Presbycusis

Age-related hearing loss.

Tinnitus

A condition that causes ringing in the ears.

External otitis

Also known as swimmer's ear.

Olfactory nerve

The cranial nerve that sends impulses to the olfactory cortex of the brain.

Odor molecules

Airborne particles that trigger the sense of smell.

Antihistamines

Medications that work to curb the activity of histamines.

Taste buds

The sensory receptors for taste.

Tastants

Substances that stimulate the gustatory hairs to send nerve impulses to the brain.

75%-90%

The percentage of what we attribute to taste that is actually due to smell.

Basic tastes

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami.

The tongue

Heals more quickly than any other part of the human body.

Supporting cells

Cells that support the olfactory receptor cells.

Dime-size

The size of the olfactory region.

Olfactory hairs

Threads that extend from olfactory receptor cells into the nasal cavity.