Immigration Final

Ewing: Opportunity and Exclusion: A Brief History of U.S. Immigration Policy

examines the various waves of immigration in the U.S. throughout history, from 1492 to the present. argues that rules governing immigration change constantly, ignore historical context/forces, diverge from economic interests, are contradictory, and are shaped more by public fears than by sound public policy.

Ewing’s waves of immigration

unrestricted immigration: 1492-1874. colonial era, immigrants coming mostly from Europe and Africa due to slavery

the first “exclusion” laws and centralized control of immigration: 1875-1920. wave of acts restricting immigration, especially among criminals, prostitutes, and Chinese contract laborers. Example includes Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

the national origins quota system and end of anti-Asian exclusion: 1921-1964. placed numerical limits on immigration. was influenced by WWII due to lack of working men and led to bracero program and Operation Wetback

the end of national origins quotas and creation of refugee resettlement: 1965-1985. maintained numerical restrictions, but eliminated discriminatory quota system. Indochina Migration Refugee Assistance Act of 1975 created as response to flood of refugees from Vietnam War, Refugee Act of 1980 created program for all refugees.

the rise of immigration control and limiting of immigrants’ rights: 1986-2000. includes the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) along with other laws that created restrictions on immigration.

the linking of immigration control to national security: 2001-present. a result of 9/11

Sinema: No Surprises: The Evolution of Anti-Immigration Legislation in Arizona

studies the history of legislation that led to the creation of SB 1070 in Arizona

moral entrepreneur

individuals who create and enforce rules to implement their deeply held moral beliefs. includes two categories: rule creators (moral crusaders) and rule enforcers

moral crusader

a subcategory of moral entrepreneur. believe that new rules must be created, as existing rules do not and cannot adequately address the evil occurring in the community.

Armenta: Policing and Punishing Illegality in the United States

examines the role of domestic police agencies in U.S. immigration enforcement. introduces the term “crimmigration”

crimmigration

the convergence of immigration law and criminal law

devolution of immigration enforcement and associated policies

expands role of state and local law enforcement in enforcing immigration laws by having them identify, detain, etc. suspected non-citizens. includes Prop 187, SB 1070, 287g, Secure Communities, Criminal Alien Program, etc.