France 1.4 What were Napoleon’s domestic aims and achievements from 1799 to 1814?

What were napoleons three broad aims when he first become first consul?

1. To become and remain the ruler of France

2. To end the chaos of the revolutionary years

3. To provide effective government in France

What behaviors did Napoleon display?

Strong authoritarian and dictatorial tendencies

What were Napoleon’s initiatives as first consul?

1. To release from jail many émigrés and radicals to create an atmosphere of political and religious tolerance.

2. Ensuring the other two consuls had little to no power

Amnesty

A pardon for breaking any laws in the past

Amnesty

A pardon for breaking any laws in the past

What did the constitution that Sieyès produce and establish

It established the Consulate and this constitution placed Napoleon as first consul.

What did Napoleon do in regards to the ministry?

He set up new ministries, which he staffed himself, including the war ministry. All ministers reported directly to him.

Bank of France

Set up by Napoleon to help end France’s financial problems

True or false, Napoleon carefully monitored the price of bread and ordered that food prices must be kept low in Paris even with harvest failings.

True. This helped France financially

Prefects

Spies that reported directly to Paris and were appointed by Napoleon. They were sent to areas away from their birthplace to ensure they had no connections and wouldn’t help friends or families.

What happened to the police force under Napoleon?

All police came under state control.

How did Napoleon ensure that enemies of the state were limited?

By implementing an elaborate system of spies and informers to eliminate enemies of the state.

Mail was censored under Napoleon, true or false?

True

How did Napoleon put down minor rebellions in Brittany?

He used armed force

How was the judiciary reformed under Napoleon?

The central government appointed all judges after checking their loyalty to Napoleon first

How did Napoleon transform newspapers?

He shut down 50 out of 73 Jacobin papers through censoring the press.

What was the Moniteur?

The official government newspaper

Could theatres put on radical plays?

No

How did Napoleon control the military?

He reviewed all senior military appointments and ensured that only generals loyal to him remained in their posts.

How did the press improve Napoleons image?

By painting him as a national hero.

What military successes from Napoleon brought great prestige to France?

The Battle of Marengo and the Battle of Hohenlinden

What had Napoleon done by the time he was emperor?

-He became increasingly authoritarian

-Any legislative bodies were marginalized

-censorship was tightened

-press became highly enthusiastic about napoleon and his policies

-no more popular sovereignty

List some of Napoleon’s achievements as Emperor

-Made sure middle class aspirations were met and that property was secure

-careers were open to talent

-stabilized the prices of basic foods

-ensured regular supplies of all essentials

-expanded France territory into Europe

-military victories under Napoleon

-ensured the loyalty of many

All of these ensured that the French people would not overthrow him. He would only be overthrown by Austria, Russia, britain, and pursuant combined.

What did Napoleon’s domestic reforms focus on?

-equality before the law

-religious freedom

-the protection of private property

-social, economic and political stability

What religion was mainly practiced in France?

Roman Catholicism

What was the Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church?

An agreement with the Pope and the Catholic Church that:

-The church formally recognized Napoleon’s government as the legitimate government of France

-Catholicism was officially recognized by Napoleon’s government

-Church free to organize public worship

-Church remained subordinate to the state

-The clergy had to take an oath to be loyal to the state

-formal reconciliation b/w the Roman Catholic Church and the French state

What was the code Napoleon, or Napoleonic Code?

A major reform that introduced completely reformed systems of civil law, commercial law and criminal law and brought in a new penal code.

What were the Code Napoleon’s main terms

-equality before the law

-freedom of religion

-freedom of conscience

-an end to feudalism

-the rule of law with the right to a proper trial and defense

-freedom to choose one’s own profession

What were some flaws to the Napoleonic Code?

-it didn’t give women the right to vote

-favored the middle class

-promoted interests of the state over the individual

-favored the employer over the worker

-gave undue authority to the father/husband over women

-offered little to the poor or landless

What did Napoleon do when he feared a royalist coup against him in 1804?

He ordered the capture and execution of the Duke of Enghien

How did the Moniteur portray Napoleon?

In a favorable light and influenced many people

How did Napoleon improve the financial and economic state of France?

-He formed the Bank of France to bring order and stability to the banking system

-Ended assignats

-ended forced loans

-ended the cycle of inflation and deflation

-ensured the state’s debts were paid on time

-created a fair system of taxation

-there were good harvests

-balanced state budget with income matching expenditure

-price of bread was strictly controlled

-implemented protective trade tariffs

-abolished the nobility, so no hereditary privilege

Legion d’honneur

A new reward for service to the state

Besides spying, what was another reason for why prefects were made?

They were also made to improve the quality of roads, which helped trade and communications and allowed for the rapid movement of troops.

What were some educational reforms Napoleon made?

-Church no longer played a large role in primary education (as stated in the Concordat)

-State-controlled system of education for boys 10-16 was set up

-School curriculum controlled by the state and teachers were trained, monitored, and paid by the central government

-little emphasis on religion in the school curriculum

-curriculum focused on French and math to create a middle-class elite that could administer France in the future

-30 lycees were created to provide advanced higher education for the France’s future leaders

-a reformed university system created in 1808

What were some drawbacks to Napoleon’s educational reforms?

-the poor were excluded from these reforms

-girls and women were not featured seriously in the reforms