Psych final

Cognitive view

Focuses on mental processes: how people think, perceive, remember, solve problems, and interpret information.

Behavioral view

Focuses on observable behavior, not internal thoughts.

Social cognitive view

Behavior results from the interaction of personal factors, behavior, and environment (Bandura’s reciprocal determinism).

• observational learning, modeling, and self‑efficacy.

Humanistic view

Focuses on personal growth, free will, and self‑actualization.

Which three factors are necessary for sustaining motivation in non-mechanical tasks?

 

self-efficacy, autonomy, purpose

Intrinsic motoivation

Doing an activity because it is inherently enjoyable, interesting, or satisfying.

• The reward comes from within the task itself.

• You do it because you want to,

Extrinsic motoivation

• Doing an activity to earn a reward or avoid a punishment.

  • Motivation comes from outside the task.

  • The behavior is a means to an end.

adolescent's sense of self-determination?

growing ability and desire to make independent choices, set personal goals, and take ownership of one’s actions.

What is self efficacy

is a person’s belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task or handle a situation.

In what way does self-efficacy differ from the term self-concept?

• Self‑efficacy = belief about your ability to succeed at a specific task.

• *Self‑concept = your overall perception of yourself across many areas.

The ability of the brain to coordinate attention and memory and control behavioral responses for the purpose of attaining a certain goal is called

Executive functions

On average, self-regulated learners tend to

Achieve at higher levels in the classroom

Means end analysis

A problem solving strategy where you identify the difference between current state of mind and goal state

Heuristic

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps you make quick decision

Algorithm

A step‑by‑step, logical procedure

Functional fixedness

A cognitive bias where you can only see an object’s traditional or usual function

What is metacognition

Knowing what you know and how you learn

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be most confident in their skills

Individuals with low competence

What is a schema

A mental framework or organized structure of knowledge

Classical conditioning

Learning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an automatic (involuntary) response.

Operant conditioning

Learning occurs when a behavior is followed by a consequence (reinforcement or punishment).

Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment decreases it.