AP BIO CRAM

Cohesion

The property of water that describes its ability to stick to itself, creating surface tension.

Adhesion

The property of water that describes its ability to stick to other substances, important for capillary action.

High heat capacity

Water's ability to absorb and retain heat, allowing it to regulate temperature.

Less dense as solid

The property of water that causes ice to float, protecting the water below.

Monosaccharide

The monomer of carbohydrates, serving as a quick energy source.

Fatty acids

The monomer of lipids, providing long-term energy storage and forming cell membranes.

Amino acids

The monomer of proteins, functioning in enzymes, transport, and structural roles.

Nucleotides

The monomer of nucleic acids, responsible for storing genetic information (DNA, RNA).

Cell organelles

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

Nucleus

The organelle acting as the CEO of the cell, containing genetic material.

Ribosomes

Organelles that function as factory machines to build proteins.

Rough ER

A conveyor belt in the cell where ribosomes work to synthesize proteins.

Golgi apparatus

The organelle that serves as the UPS shipping center of the cell.

Mitochondria

The power plant of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration.

Lysosomes

The janitors of the cell, involved in waste disposal and recycling.

Chloroplasts

The organelles that convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.

Passive transport

Movement of materials across a cell membrane without energy (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).

Active transport

Movement of materials across a cell membrane that requires energy (ATP).

Surface area to volume ratio

A measurement that indicates how efficiently materials can enter or exit a cell.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert sunlight into glucose in chloroplasts.

Cellular respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP in mitochondria.

Cell signaling

The system of communication between cells through signals and receptors.

Feedback mechanisms

Processes that regulate biological systems to maintain balance or amplify responses.

Mitosis

The process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells (PMAT phases).

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, representing the alleles inherited.

Phenotype

The observable traits or characteristics of an organism resulting from its genotype.

Punnett Square

A tool used to predict the genetic combinations in offspring from parental allele combinations.

Dominant trait

A trait that is expressed phenotypically when at least one allele is present.

Recessive trait

A trait that is expressed phenotypically only when two copies are present.

Incomplete dominance

A genetic scenario where the phenotype is a mix of both alleles (e.g., pink flower from red and white).

Codominance

A genetic scenario where both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype (e.g., spotted cows).

Sex-linked traits

Traits associated with alleles found on sex chromosomes, often affecting males differently than females.

Linked genes

Genes located close together on the same chromosome, usually inherited together.

Recombination

The process by which linked genes are shuffled during meiosis, creating genetic diversity.

Chi-Square Analysis

A statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between expected and observed frequencies.

Energy flow

The transfer of energy through an ecosystem from producers to consumers to decomposers.

Population dynamics

The study of how population sizes change over time and the factors that influence these changes.

Ecosystem interactions

The various relationships and interactions between species and their environment within an ecosystem.

Mutualism

A type of interaction where both species benefit from the relationship.

Commensalism

A type of interaction where one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.

Parasitism

A type of interaction where one species benefits at the expense of another.