Chemistry - Final Exam

What does n, m1, and l mean?

n is the energy level, l is the shape of orbital and subshell, m1 is the magnetic quantum number.

What is Boyle’s Law?

Pressure Is Inversely Proportional to Volume

What is Charles’ Law?

Volume is directly proportional to temperature,

What is Aufbau’s Principle?

Electrons fill up the lowest energy level first.

What is Hund’s Rule?

Electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy singly before pairing up.

What kind of orbital is this?

S Orbital

What kind of orbital is this?

P Orbital

What kind of orbital is this?

D Orbital

What kind of orbital is this?

F Orbital

A high-speed electron ejected from a nucleus during
radioactive decay is called a

Beta Particle

What is an alkane?

Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds.

What is an alkene?

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond.

What is an alkyne?

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond.

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

Compounds that contain benzene rings or similar structures.

1 carbon means that the prefix is

Meth

2 carbons means that the prefix is

Eth

3 carbons means that the prefix is

Prop

4 carbons means that the prefix is

But

5 carbons means that the prefix is

Pent

6 carbons means that the prefix is

Hex

7 carbons means that the prefix is

Hept

8 carbons means that the prefix is

Oct

9 carbons means that the prefix is

Non

10 carbons means that the prefix is

Dec

For compounds with two or more double bonds, the suffixes are

diene, triene, etc.

What does (E) and (Z) mean for configuration

E means that they’re on opposite sides of the double bond and Z means that they’re on the same side of the double bond.

What is this functional group?

Amine

What is this functional group?

Alcohol

What is this functional group?

Ether

What is this functional group?

Aldehyde

What is this functional group?

Ketone

What is this functional group?

Carboxylic Acid

What is this functional group?

Ester

What is this functional group?

Amide

What makes something paramagnetic or diamagnetic?

When there are only paired electrons, it is diamagnetic, and when it there is at least one unpaired electron it is paramagnetic.

What is the case for formal charges?

The sum of formal charge must be equal to the total charge of the ion.

What is the formula for Formal Charge (FC)?

FC = Valence Electrons - (Lone Pair Electrons - Bonding Electrons/2)

What is a single bond in terms of sigma and pi bonds?

one sigma bond.

What is a double bond in terms of sigma and pi bonds?

one sigma bond and one pi bond.

What is a triple bond in terms of sigma and pi bonds?

one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

How do you calculate the steric number?

SN = Number of lone pairs + bonded atoms

A single bond has a bond order of

1

A double bond has a bond order of

2

A triple bond has a bond order of

3

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 2 LP = 0 and Bonds = 2

Linear

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 3 LP = 0 and Bonds = 3

Trigonal Planar

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 3 LP = 1 and Bonds = 2

Bent

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 4 LP = 0 and Bonds = 4

Tetrahedral

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 4 LP = 1 and Bonds = 3

Trigonal pyramidal

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 4 LP = 2 and Bonds = 2

Bent

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 5 LP = 0 and Bonds = 5

Trigonal Bypyramidal

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 5 LP = 1 and Bonds = 4

Seesaw

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 5 LP = 2 and Bonds = 3

T shaped

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 5 LP = 3 and Bonds = 2

Linear

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 6 LP = 0 and Bonds = 6

Octahedral

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 6 LP = 1 and Bonds = 5

Square Pyramidal

What is the molecular geometry of a compound where SN = 6 LP = 2 and Bonds = 4

Square Planar

What is the bond angle for linear?

180

What is the bond angle for trigonal planar?

120

What is the bond angle for tetrahedral?

109.5

What is the bond angle for trigonal pyramidal?

107

What is the bond angle for bent?

104.6

What is the bond angle for trigonal bypyramidal?

90/120

What is the bond angle for octahedral?

90

If SN = 2 then the electron geometry is

Linear

If SN = 3, then the electron geometry is

Trigonal Planar

If SN = 4, then the electron geometry is

Tetrahedral

If SN = 5 then the electron geometry is

Trigonal Bypyramidal

If SN = 6, then the electron geometry is

Octahedral

List the intermoleular forces from weakest to strongest.

London disperson, dipole dipole, hydrogen, ion dipole

What is a dipole dipole IMF?

IMF’s between polar molecules

What is hydrogen bonding IMF’s ?

When Hydrogen is bonded to N, O, or F

What are ion dipole IMF’s?

IMF’s between an ion and a polar molecule.

What is the BBP trick for memorizing Octet Violations?

Berrylium, Boron, and Period 3 violate the octet rule.

What are some ways that determine that a molecule is nonpolar?

Any diatomic element, any hydrocarbon, and if the dipole moments cncel out.

How do you do the net dipole moments?

Draw an arrow from the partial positive part of the bond to the central atom, if all of these end up canceling out, then the molecule is nonpolar and polar if they do not.

How do bond angles get reduced?

2.5 degrees per each lone pair.

If SN = 2, the hybridization is

sp

If SN = 3, the hybridization is

sp2

If SN = 4, the hybridization is

sp3

If SN = 5, the hybridization is

sp3d

If SN = 6 the hybridization is

sp3d2

For resonance struutures, what makes a resonance structure the best?

Fewer formal charges, negative formal charge on the more electronegative atom, , full octets are preferred, and minimized charge separation

What is specific heat?

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one unit of mass (typically 1 kg or 1 gram) of a substance by one degree Celsius

What is heat capacity?

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1 degree Celsius.

What are the periodic trends for atomic radii?

Atomic Radii increases going down a group and decreases going across a period.

What are the periodic trends for Ionization Energy?

Ionization Energy decreases going DOWN a group and increases going across a period.

What are the periodic trends for Electronegativity?

EN decreases going down a group and increases going across a period.

What are the periodic trends for Electron Affinity?

EA values decreases going DOWN a group and increase going LEFT TO RIGHT of a period. Note that the more negative the number is, the greater the electron affinity.

What are the periodic trends for Ionic Radius?

Increase going DOWN a group and decrease across a period. Cations result in lower atomic radii while Anions result in greater atomic radii.

What is Alpha Decay?

An alpha particle(4/2 He) is emitted from the nucleus. Two neutrons and two protons are removed.

What is Beta-Minus Decay?

A neutron is converted into a proton, so an electron is emitted (0/-1 e)

What is Beta Plus Decay?

A proton turns into a neutron and emits a positron

What is gamma radiation?

High-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus.

What should the n/p ratio be for smaller atoms?

1:1 ratio

What should the n/p ratio be for larger atoms?

1:5

If a atom has too many neutrons, it will likely undergo

Beta Minus Decay

If an atom has too many protons, it will likely undergo

Beta Plus Decay

If an atom has a large nucleus, it will likely undergo

Alpha Decay

At what element does the belt of stability end?

It ends at Bismuth (Bi), which has 83 protons. If an element has greater than 82 protons, it is unstable