AP U.S. History Periods 1-9 Review Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the major concepts, laws, battles, and movements of AP U.S. History from Periods 1 through 9.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of goods and biology where the Old World sent horses and disease to the New World, and the New World sent corn, potatoes, and tobacco to the Old World.

Encomienda

A system of forced Native labor used in Spanish colonies.

Casta

A racial hierarchy established within the Spanish colonies.

Bacon's Rebellion ($1676$)

An event that triggered a shift from indentured labor to enslaved labor.

Mercantilism

An economic policy where colonies enrich the mother country, enforced via the Navigation Acts.

Salutary neglect

A period of loose British enforcement of colonial rules, allowing colonists to self-govern.

Great Awakening ($1730s$-$40s$)

A religious revival that challenged established authority.

French & Indian War ($1754$-$63$)

A conflict won by Britain that resulted in massive debt and the end of salutary neglect.

Common Sense ($1776$)

A pamphlet written by Paine that presented a plain case for independence.

Declaration of Independence ($1776$)

A document grounded in Locke's natural rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Saratoga ($1777$)

A key battle of the Revolution that led to the French alliance.

Articles of Confederation

The first U.S. government structure characterized by a weak central government and no power to tax, leading eventually to Shays' Rebellion.

Federalists

A group that advocated for a strong national government during the founding of the new nation.

Anti-Federalists

A group that advocated for weak central power and more state-level authority.

Whiskey Rebellion ($1794$)

An event that tested federal authority, which was crushed by Washington.

Marbury v. Madison ($1803$)

Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Monroe Doctrine ($1823$)

A foreign policy statement declaring no further European colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

Seneca Falls ($1848$)

The convention that launched the women's suffrage movement.

Missouri Compromise ($1820$)

An agreement that used the $36^\circ 30'$ line to divide free and slave territory.

Manifest Destiny

The belief used to justify westward expansion, Indian removal, and the war with Mexico.

Dred Scott ($1857$)

A Supreme Court ruling that stated enslaved people were not citizens.

Emancipation Proclamation ($1863$)

An executive order that freed enslaved people in rebel states.

Compromise of $1877$

An agreement resulting in federal troops leaving the South, allowing the rise of Jim Crow.

Sharecropping

An economic system that replaced slavery in the South, trapping freedmen in debt peonage.

Vertical integration

An industrial strategy used by Carnegie (steel) involving the control of all production stages.

Horizontal integration

An industrial strategy used by Rockefeller (oil) involving the purchase of competitors.

Plessy ($1896$)

The Supreme Court case that established the "separate but equal" doctrine for legal segregation.

Populists

A political group advocating for free silver (inflation), government regulation of railroads, graduated income tax, and direct election of senators.

New Deal

FDR's program consisting of the $3$R's: Relief (CCC), Recovery (AAA), and Reform (Social Security, Wagner Act).

Containment

The Cold War policy involving the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO to stop Soviet expansion.

Brown v. Board ($1954$)

The landmark ruling that ended school segregation.

Great Society

LBJ's domestic programs that included Medicare, Medicaid, and the Voting Rights Act.

Reagan Revolution

A conservative shift in the $1980s$ focused on tax cuts, deregulation, anti-union efforts (PATCO), and a military buildup.

HIPP

A strategy for DBQ document sourcing analysis (Historical Context, Intended Audience, Purpose, Point of View).